Using a challenging intracranial glioma model, Jahan et al. demonstrate that combination of a vaccine (irradiated tumor cells and GM-CSF-expressing K562 cells) with an agonist-OX40 antibody improved survival, increased the number of Th1 polarized splenocytes (particularly granzyme B-expressing CD4+ cells), shifted the brain infiltrating CD4+ T cells to a Th1 phenotype, increased the CD8+/Foxp3+ ratio, and prevented exhaustion as monitored by co-expression of both PD-1 and either TIM-3 or LAG-3 on intratumoral T cells.
Background: Glioma immunotherapy is an active area of clinical investigation. Glioma-associated immunosuppression remains an obstacle to efficacious immunotherapy, and combination approaches are likely necessary for durable success. OX40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that is upregulated on activated lymphocytes, ligation of which results in enhanced activity and may be active against cancer. We sought to confirm the efficacy of agonist anti-OX40 immunotherapy against glioma and hypothesized that it is complementary with irradiated whole tumor cell vaccination. Methods: GL261 tumor cells were implanted into the right frontal lobes of syngeneic mice, which were then treated with controls, agonist anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody, vaccination with subcutaneous injection of irradiated granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing GL261 cells (GVAX), or vaccination + agonist anti-OX40 therapy. Animals were followed for survival. On day 18, splenocytes were harvested for enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot analyses and brains were harvested for immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry analyses of infiltrating lymphocytes. Results: Combination immunotherapy with GVAX and systemic agonist anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody improved survival by 14 days over controls (median survival 36 vs 22 days, P < 0.00005). Systemically, T helper cell type 1 (Th1) antitumor immunity was enhanced significantly by combination therapy. In the brain, combination immunotherapy increased the percentage of Th1 CD4+ T lymphocytes and reduced the fraction that were Th2. In the brain, vaccination improved the ratio of CD8+ to FoxP3+ T lymphocytes, while combination immunotherapy reversed intracranial T-lymphocyte exhaustion, reducing their coexpression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) as well as PD-1 and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3). Conclusions: Anti-OX40 immunotherapy is active against intracranial glioma and synergizes with GVAX. Vaccination and anti-OX40 immunotherapy are mechanistically complementary, particularly in the glioma microenvironment.
Author Info: (1) Translational Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. (2) Translational Brain Tumor Immunothera
Author Info: (1) Translational Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. (2) Translational Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. (3) Translational Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
