Interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene electrotransfer (GET) delivery is highly effective in inducing long-term, complete regression in mouse and human melanoma and other solid tumors. Therapeutic efficacy is enhanced by immune checkpoint inhibitors, and the combination of IL-12 plasmid GET (pIL-12 GET) and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibodies has reached clinical trials. In this study, we designed peptides and plasmids encoding the mouse homologs of the pembrolizumab and nivolumab programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) binding regions. We hypothesized that intratumor autocrine/paracrine peptide expression would block PD-1/PD-L1 binding and provide cancer patients with an effective and cost-efficient treatment alternative. We demonstrated that the mouse homolog to pembrolizumab was effective at blocking PD-1/PD-L1 in vitro. After intratumor plasmid delivery, both peptides bound PD-L1 on tumor cells. We established that plasmid DNA delivery to tumors in vivo or to tumor cells in vitro upregulated several immune modulators and PD-L1 mRNA and protein, potentiating this therapy. Finally, we tested the combination of pIL-12 GET therapy and peptide plasmids. We determined that pIL-12 GET therapeutic efficacy could be enhanced by combination with the plasmid encoding the pembrolizumab mouse homolog.

Author Info: (1) Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine and College of Engineering, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC111, Tampa, FL 33612, USA . (2) Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine and College of Engineering, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC111, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. (3) Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine and College of Engineering, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC111, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. (4) Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine and College of Engineering, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC111, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. (5) Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine and College of Engineering, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC111, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. (6) Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine and College of Engineering, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC111, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. (7) Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine and College of Engineering, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC111, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.