TTT/AAA β2-integrin knock-in (β2-integrin KI) mice have inactive β2-integrin adhesion receptors. Comparisons between β2-integrin KI DCs and WT DCs indicated that active β2-integrins restricted DC maturation and migration. β2-integrin KI DCs induced increased tumor suppression in vivo and increased tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses in TILs, spleens, and DLNs. β2-integrins regulated the DC epigenetic state (histone methylation) and transcriptional landscape through transcription factors, particularly Ikaros/RelA. Immune pathways mediated by mechanical cues through β2-integrin represent potential new targets for DC-based immunotherapies.
Contributed by Margot O’Toole
ABSTRACT: Dendritic cells (DCs), the classical antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, switch from an adhesive, phagocytic phenotype in tissues, to a mature, non-adhesive phenotype that enables migration to lymph nodes to activate T cells and initiate antitumor responses. Monocyte-derived DCs are used in cancer immunotherapy but their clinical efficacy is limited. Here, we show that cultured bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) expressing dysfunctional β2-integrin adhesion receptors displayed enhanced tumor rejection capabilities in B16.OVA and B16-F10 melanoma models. This was associated with an increased CD8+ T-cell response. BM-DCs expressing dysfunctional β2-integrins or manipulated to disrupt integrin adhesion or integrin/actin/nuclear linkages, displayed spontaneous maturation in ex vivo cultures (increased costimulatory marker expression, IL-12 production and 3D migration capabilities). This spontaneous maturation was associated with an altered DC epigenetic/transcriptional profile, including a global increase in chromatin accessibility and H3K4me3/H3K27me3 histone methylation. Genome-wide analyses showed that H3K4me3-methylation was increased on DC maturation genes, such as CD86, Il12, Ccr7 and Fscn1, and revealed a role for a transcription factor network involving Ikaros and RelA in the integrin-regulated phenotype of DCs. Manipulation of the integrin-regulated epigenetic landscape in wild type (WT) ex vivo cultured BM-DCs enhanced their functionality in tumor rejection in vivo. Thus, β2-integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular environment plays an important role in restricting DC maturation and antitumor responses through regulation of the cellular epigenetic and transcriptional landscape. Targeting β2-integrins could therefore be a new strategy to improve the performance of current DC-based cancer immunotherapies.