To improve safety and efficacy of CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors, Ma, Zhang, and Xu et al. utilized the endogenous IFNγ promoter to regulate the expression of IL-15, which was inserted into the 3-UTR of the IFNγ gene. The IL-15 transgene did not impact IFNγ expression and was co-expressed with IFNγ in an antigen-dependent manner. In murine proof-of-concept studies, IL-15 expression, under control of the IFNγ promoter, dramatically increased the antitumor activity of claudin-targeted CAR T cells. A two-gene (CAR and IL-15) knock-in approach using a single AAV vector to streamline the process was developed, which was also effective in tumor control.

Contributed by Katherine Turner

ABSTRACT: Despite the remarkable success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T therapy in hematological malignancies, its efficacy in solid tumors remains limited. Cytokine-engineered CAR T cells offer a promising avenue, yet their clinical translation is hindered by the risks associated with constitutive cytokine expression. In this proof-of-concept study, we leverage the endogenous interferon (IFN)-γ promoter for transgenic interleukin (IL)-15 expression. We demonstrate that IFN-γ expression is tightly regulated by T cell receptor signaling. By introducing an internal ribosome entry site IL15 into the 3' UTR of the IFN-γ gene via homology directed repair-mediated knock-in, we confirm that IL-15 expression can co-express with IFN-γ in an antigen stimulation-dependent manner. Importantly, the insertion of transgenes does not compromise endogenous IFN-γ expression. In vitro and in vivo data demonstrate that IL-15 driven by the IFN-γ promoter dramatically improves CAR T cells' antitumor activity, suggesting the effectiveness of IL-15 expression. Last, as a part of our efforts toward clinical translation, we have developed an innovative two-gene knock-in approach. This approach enables the simultaneous integration of CAR and IL-15 genes into TRAC and IFN-γ gene loci using a single AAV vector. CAR T cells engineered to express IL-15 using this approach demonstrate enhanced antitumor efficacy. Overall, our study underscores the feasibility of utilizing endogenous promoters for transgenic cytokines expression in CAR T cells.

Author Info: (1) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. (2) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. (3) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science

Author Info: (1) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. (2) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. (3) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. (4) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. (5) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. (6) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. (7) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. (8) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. (9) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. (10) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. (11) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. (12) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. (13) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. (14) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. (15) Shenzhen Celconta Life Science Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. Electronic address: hongxingsun@xkdbio.com.