Journal Articles

A Patient-Derived Screen Identifies HDAC Inhibitors as Enhancers of Phagocytosis and Potent Immunotherapy Partners Spotlight 

(1) Khalaj M (2) Burden AT (3) Gutierrez ML (4) Hoonsbeen SC (5) Nejad P (6) Raveh T (7) Young JS (8) Fattahi F (9) Weissman IL

Cancer immunology research

Khalaj et al. performed a small molecule screen of FDA-approved compounds on CD11b+ tumor-associated microglia/macrophages isolated from patient GBM, and identified histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as enhancers of TAM phagocytosis. HDAC inhibitors increased phagocytosis across multiple TAM-GBM pairs, and showed synergy with CD47 blockade ex vivo. In an orthotopic patient-derived GBM xenograft model, Pracinostat combined with anti-CD47 slowed tumor growth and extended survival. Pracinostat reprogrammed TAMs toward an NF-κB-driven inflammatory state, and epigenetically primed FcγR-mediated phagocytic machinery.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

(1) Khalaj M (2) Burden AT (3) Gutierrez ML (4) Hoonsbeen SC (5) Nejad P (6) Raveh T (7) Young JS (8) Fattahi F (9) Weissman IL

Cancer immunology research

Khalaj et al. performed a small molecule screen of FDA-approved compounds on CD11b+ tumor-associated microglia/macrophages isolated from patient GBM, and identified histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as enhancers of TAM phagocytosis. HDAC inhibitors increased phagocytosis across multiple TAM-GBM pairs, and showed synergy with CD47 blockade ex vivo. In an orthotopic patient-derived GBM xenograft model, Pracinostat combined with anti-CD47 slowed tumor growth and extended survival. Pracinostat reprogrammed TAMs toward an NF-κB-driven inflammatory state, and epigenetically primed FcγR-mediated phagocytic machinery.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

ABSTRACT: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a lethal brain tumor with limited treatment options. Tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs) drive immune suppression and tumor progression, making them a key therapeutic target for GBM. Enhancing TAM phagocytosis in GBM has shown promise, particularly with innate checkpoint inhibitors, such as CD47-blocking antibodies. However, small molecule approaches, which offer tunable and potentially synergistic mechanisms, remain underexplored in this context. In this study, we conducted a large-scale small molecule screen on primary TAMs isolated directly from GBM patient tumors, testing 1,365 compounds to identify drugs that enhance TAM phagocytosis. This screen revealed enrichment for histone deacetylase (HDAC)-targeting drugs among the top hits. HDAC inhibitors enhanced phagocytosis of cancer cells across multiple primary human TAM-GBM combinations, and synergized with CD47 blockade ex vivo. In a xenograft GBM model, Pracinostat suppressed tumor growth and extended survival, with additive benefit when combined with CD47 antibodies. RNA-sequencing and H3K27Ac CUT&Tag profiling of Pracinostat-treated TAMs in vivo revealed a two-tier mechanism: transcriptional reprogramming toward a pro-inflammatory state via NF-κB activation, and epigenetic priming of FcγR-mediated phagocytic machinery, providing a mechanistic basis for the observed synergy with CD47 blockade. Our findings establish a patient-first functional screening platform for identifying TAM-reprogramming therapeutics in GBM, validate HDAC inhibitors as a lead class that potentiates innate checkpoint immunotherapy, and provide additional candidate compounds for clinical investigation.

Author Info: (1) Stanford Medicine Stanford United States. ROR: https://ror.org/03mtd9a03 (2) Stanford Medicine United States. ROR: https://ror.org/03mtd9a03 (3) University of California, San F

Author Info: (1) Stanford Medicine Stanford United States. ROR: https://ror.org/03mtd9a03 (2) Stanford Medicine United States. ROR: https://ror.org/03mtd9a03 (3) University of California, San Francisco San Francisco United States. ROR: https://ror.org/043mz5j54 (4) University of California San Francisco Medical Center San Francisco United States. ROR: https://ror.org/01t8svj65 (5) Stanford Medicine Stanford United States. ROR: https://ror.org/03mtd9a03 (6) Stanford University California 94305-5439, CA United States. ROR: https://ror.org/00f54p054 (7) University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States. ROR: https://ror.org/043mz5j54 (8) University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States. ROR: https://ror.org/043mz5j54 (9) Stanford University Stanford University, CA United States. ROR: https://ror.org/00f54p054

Citation: Cancer Immunol Res 2026 Jul 14 Epub07/14/2026

Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42446904

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Tim-3 Sustains Tumor Treg Stability and Function, Limiting Checkpoint Blockade Therapy Efficacy Spotlight 

(1) Banerjee H (2) Onyekachi OV (3) Nieves-Rosado H (4) Murter BM (5) Kulkarni A (6) Pandey SP (7) Cardona E (8) Dougherty JE (9) Li H (10) Upadhyay P (11) Hinterleitner R (12) Ferris RL (13) Kane LP

Cancer immunology research

Banerjee et al. showed that Tim3 expression on tumor-infiltrating Tregs was required for their survival and suppressive function via Akt-FOXO1 signaling. Treg-specific Tim3 deletion in an MC38 model reduced tumor-infiltrating Tregs and CD25 expression, impaired Treg survival, delayed CD8+ T cell exhaustion, enhanced CD8+ proliferation, and reduced tumor burden, without disrupting peripheral homeostasis. Delayed Tim3 deletion in Tregs was sufficient to slow tumor growth and augment CD8+ responses, and Treg-specific Tim3 loss synergized with ICB in a resistant B16F10 model. In HNSCC, low Tim3 expression correlated with response to anti-PD-1/Lag3 ICB.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

(1) Banerjee H (2) Onyekachi OV (3) Nieves-Rosado H (4) Murter BM (5) Kulkarni A (6) Pandey SP (7) Cardona E (8) Dougherty JE (9) Li H (10) Upadhyay P (11) Hinterleitner R (12) Ferris RL (13) Kane LP

Cancer immunology research

Banerjee et al. showed that Tim3 expression on tumor-infiltrating Tregs was required for their survival and suppressive function via Akt-FOXO1 signaling. Treg-specific Tim3 deletion in an MC38 model reduced tumor-infiltrating Tregs and CD25 expression, impaired Treg survival, delayed CD8+ T cell exhaustion, enhanced CD8+ proliferation, and reduced tumor burden, without disrupting peripheral homeostasis. Delayed Tim3 deletion in Tregs was sufficient to slow tumor growth and augment CD8+ responses, and Treg-specific Tim3 loss synergized with ICB in a resistant B16F10 model. In HNSCC, low Tim3 expression correlated with response to anti-PD-1/Lag3 ICB.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

ABSTRACT: Regulatory T cells (Treg) act as a powerful barrier to effective antitumor immunity. Although manipulating Treg is a promising anticancer strategy, doing so while sparing general immune tolerance has been a challenge. Identifying factors specifically expressed in tumor-infiltrating Treg is therefore important for better understanding cancer pathogenesis and identifying novel therapeutic targets that enhance antitumor immunity. We show that T cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin 3 (Tim-3) expression on tumor Treg is required for the function and survival of these cells, in part through Akt and FOXO1 signaling. Deleting Tim-3 in Treg leads to delayed tumor-specific T-cell exhaustion and lower tumor burden, without altering peripheral homeostasis. Similar effects were noted when Tim-3 was only deleted from half of the Treg or when deletion was delayed until after tumor inoculation. Moreover, Treg-specific deletion of Tim-3 cooperated with PD-1 checkpoint blockade to sensitize an immunotherapy-resistant tumor model. In addition, a decrease in Tim-3+ tumor Treg correlated with responsiveness to PD-1/LAG-3 combination checkpoint blockade in a human clinical trial. Overall, our data provide evidence that Tim3-expressing Treg are a promising target to modulate tumor-specific immune responses.

Author Info: (1) University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA United States. ROR: https://ror.org/01an3r305 (2) University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA United States. ROR: https://ror.org/01an3r305

Author Info: (1) University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA United States. ROR: https://ror.org/01an3r305 (2) University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA United States. ROR: https://ror.org/01an3r305 (3) University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA United States. ROR: https://ror.org/01an3r305 (4) University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA United States. ROR: https://ror.org/01an3r305 (5) University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC United States. ROR: https://ror.org/0130frc33 (6) University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA United States. ROR: https://ror.org/01an3r305 (7) University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA United States. ROR: https://ror.org/01an3r305 (8) University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA United States. ROR: https://ror.org/01an3r305 (9) University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA United States. (10) University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC United States. ROR: https://ror.org/0130frc33 (11) University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA United States. ROR: https://ror.org/01an3r305 (12) University of North Carolina Hospitals Chapel Hill, NC United States. ROR: https://ror.org/0355zfr67 (13) University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA United States. ROR: https://ror.org/01an3r305

Citation: Cancer Immunol Res 2026 Jul 15 Epub07/15/2026

Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42455126

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Tryptophan degradation by intestinal Bacteroides induces anti-tumor immunity and limits melanoma growth Spotlight 

(1) Olea XD (2) Beede K (3) Pereira G (4) Scott D (5) Petucci C (6) Martens E (7) Rodionov D (8) Shah A (9) Martinez MP (10) Kim H (11) Sharma AK (12) Martin A (13) Zhang T (14) Faries MB (15) Hamid O (16) Devkota S (17) Osterman A (18) Knott S (19) Voest EE (20) Ajami NJ (21) Wargo J (22) Ramer-Tait AE (23) Ronai ZA

Cell reports. Medicine

Olea and Beede et al. identified Bacteroides rodentium and Bacteroides uniformis (found in mice and humans, respectively) as gut microbes that induced antitumor immunity and inhibited tumor growth in melanoma mouse models. These strains expressed tryptophanase A (TnaA) and aromatic aminotransferases (ArAT) that degraded tryptophan into indoles. TnaA loss in B. uniformis abrogated antitumor activity, whereas indole administration increased CD8+ T cell infiltration and restrained tumor growth, independent of AhR signaling. Elevated levels of ArAT and TnaA were found in patients with melanoma who responded to ICB.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

(1) Olea XD (2) Beede K (3) Pereira G (4) Scott D (5) Petucci C (6) Martens E (7) Rodionov D (8) Shah A (9) Martinez MP (10) Kim H (11) Sharma AK (12) Martin A (13) Zhang T (14) Faries MB (15) Hamid O (16) Devkota S (17) Osterman A (18) Knott S (19) Voest EE (20) Ajami NJ (21) Wargo J (22) Ramer-Tait AE (23) Ronai ZA

Cell reports. Medicine

Olea and Beede et al. identified Bacteroides rodentium and Bacteroides uniformis (found in mice and humans, respectively) as gut microbes that induced antitumor immunity and inhibited tumor growth in melanoma mouse models. These strains expressed tryptophanase A (TnaA) and aromatic aminotransferases (ArAT) that degraded tryptophan into indoles. TnaA loss in B. uniformis abrogated antitumor activity, whereas indole administration increased CD8+ T cell infiltration and restrained tumor growth, independent of AhR signaling. Elevated levels of ArAT and TnaA were found in patients with melanoma who responded to ICB.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

ABSTRACT: Study of gut microbiota control of anti-tumor immunity (ATI) identifies Bacteroides rodentium and the human-related Bacteroides uniformis species to be capable of inducing ATI and limiting melanoma development in germ-free (GF), complex microbiome, or wild-type (WT) mice. Enhanced CD8(+) T cell infiltration within tumors of mice harboring B. rodentium coincides with increased expression of immune-stimulating pathways. Metabolomic analyses identify lower tryptophan levels in the cecal samples of GF mice harboring B. rodentium. In silico genomic reconstruction reveals that B. rodentium and B. uniformis harbor tryptophanase A (TnaA) and aromatic aminotransferase genes, which degrade tryptophan to indoles. Administration of B. uniformis harboring TnaA mutant fails to inhibit melanoma growth. Notably, administration of indoles effectively induces ATI and inhibits melanoma development. Correspondingly, the levels of bacterially encoded tryptophan-degrading enzymes are higher in cohorts of patients with melanoma responding to immunotherapy. These findings identify indoles as tryptophan breakdown products capable of inducing ATI resulting in melanoma inhibition.

Author Info: (1) Translational Research Institute, Elinor and Rendall Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars S

Author Info: (1) Translational Research Institute, Elinor and Rendall Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. (2) Department of Food Science and Technology, Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA. (3) Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. (4) Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. (5) Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. (6) Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. (7) Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. (8) Translational Research Institute, Elinor and Rendall Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. (9) Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands. (10) Translational Research Institute, Elinor and Rendall Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. (11) Human Microbiome Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. (12) Human Microbiome Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. (13) Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA. (14) The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA. (15) The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA. (16) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Human Microbiome Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. (17) Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. (18) Translational Research Institute, Elinor and Rendall Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. (19) Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands. (20) Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. (21) Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. (22) Department of Food Science and Technology, Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA. Electronic address: aramer-tai2@unl.edu. (23) Translational Research Institute, Elinor and Rendall Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. Electronic address: zeev.ronai@csmc.edu.

Citation: Cell Rep Med 2026 Jul 14 102921 Epub07/14/2026

Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42447866

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Epigenetic landscape, key transcriptional regulators, and in vivo identification of human Tr1 cells Spotlight 

(1) Cepika AM (2) Amaya L (3) Waichler C (4) Narula M (5) Mantilla M (6) Thomas BC (7) Chen PP (8) Freeborn RA (9) Pavel-Dinu M (10) Nideffer J (11) Porteus M (12) Bacchetta R (13) MŸller F (14) Greenleaf WJ (15) Chang HY (16) Roncarolo MG

Science advances | Free PMC Article

Investigating type 1 regulatory CD4+ T (Tr1) cells induced from conventional Foxp3-CD4+ T cells exposed to antigen-presenting tolerogenic DCs and IL-10, Cepika et al. used multiomic profiling and functional genomics to identify IRF4, BATF, and MAF as key transcription factors involved in human Tr1 cell differentiation, phenotype, and function. While Tr1 cells shared some features with Tregs, they showed distinct clonal expansion and functionality. A transcriptional signature for Tr1 cells was defined and successfully identified Tr1 cells in data from Tr1 therapy (T-allo10)-treated patient peripheral blood, high-TMB solid human tumors, and mice treated with a high-dose neoantigen vaccine.

Contributed by Lauren Hitchings

(1) Cepika AM (2) Amaya L (3) Waichler C (4) Narula M (5) Mantilla M (6) Thomas BC (7) Chen PP (8) Freeborn RA (9) Pavel-Dinu M (10) Nideffer J (11) Porteus M (12) Bacchetta R (13) MŸller F (14) Greenleaf WJ (15) Chang HY (16) Roncarolo MG

Science advances | Free PMC Article

Investigating type 1 regulatory CD4+ T (Tr1) cells induced from conventional Foxp3-CD4+ T cells exposed to antigen-presenting tolerogenic DCs and IL-10, Cepika et al. used multiomic profiling and functional genomics to identify IRF4, BATF, and MAF as key transcription factors involved in human Tr1 cell differentiation, phenotype, and function. While Tr1 cells shared some features with Tregs, they showed distinct clonal expansion and functionality. A transcriptional signature for Tr1 cells was defined and successfully identified Tr1 cells in data from Tr1 therapy (T-allo10)-treated patient peripheral blood, high-TMB solid human tumors, and mice treated with a high-dose neoantigen vaccine.

Contributed by Lauren Hitchings

ABSTRACT: Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells are CD4(+) T cells with suppressive function that are induced from conventional T cells exposed to persistent or strong antigens. Human Tr1 cells are understudied; the regulators of their antigen-driven differentiation are unknown, and identifying them in tissues, where antigen interactions occur, is challenging. Here, we conducted a multiomic profiling of human antigen-induced Tr1 cells. Using CRISPR-based functional genomics, we uncovered essential roles of transcription factors IRF4, BATF, and MAF in human Tr1 differentiation, phenotype, and function. We also derived a Tr1 transcriptional signature that detects cells with a Tr1 phenotype in single-cell datasets from patients treated with Tr1 therapy and those with solid tumors. Cross-species analysis confirmed this signature identifies bona fide Tr1 cells induced in vivo in a murine solid tumor model. These findings provide a framework for development of Tr1-based and Tr1-targeting therapies and studies of Tr1 cell biology.

Author Info: (1) Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and R

Author Info: (1) Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. (2) Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. (3) Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. (4) Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. (5) Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. (6) Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. (7) Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. (8) Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. (9) Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA. (10) Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. (11) Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. (12) Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. (13) Integrative Cellular Biology and Bioinformatics, Saarland University, SaarbrŸcken, Germany. Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. (14) Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. (15) Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Center for Personal Dynamic Regulome, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. (16) Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.

Citation: Sci Adv 2026 Jul 10 12:eaec6358 Epub07/10/2026

Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42430483

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Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals tumor-immune determinants of lymph node colonization and progression in thyroid cancer Spotlight 

(1) Nguyen AT (2) Viramontes J (3) Vazquez I (4) McWilliam C (5) Devarakonda V (6) Henson R (7) Sacks WL (8) Mallen-St Clair J (9) Chen Y (10) Walgama E (11) Scher KS (12) Moyers J (13) Sandler HM (14) Jang JK (15) Zumsteg ZS (16) Shon W (17) Shiao SL (18) Ho AS

Science advances | Free PMC Article

Nguyen et al. used single-cell RNAseq and multiplex IHC on paired primary thyroid carcinomas and metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) to define immune determinants of nodal colonization. In metastatic LNs, thyrocytes and TAMs downregulated inflammatory cytokine receptors. including TNFRSF12A and CX3CR1, and were enriched for Tregs relative to matched primary tumors, which suggests suppression of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in metastatic LNs showed increased IL7R expression, and high IL7R levels within nodal metastases correlated with enhanced immune activation and improved progression-free survival in a validation cohort.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

(1) Nguyen AT (2) Viramontes J (3) Vazquez I (4) McWilliam C (5) Devarakonda V (6) Henson R (7) Sacks WL (8) Mallen-St Clair J (9) Chen Y (10) Walgama E (11) Scher KS (12) Moyers J (13) Sandler HM (14) Jang JK (15) Zumsteg ZS (16) Shon W (17) Shiao SL (18) Ho AS

Science advances | Free PMC Article

Nguyen et al. used single-cell RNAseq and multiplex IHC on paired primary thyroid carcinomas and metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) to define immune determinants of nodal colonization. In metastatic LNs, thyrocytes and TAMs downregulated inflammatory cytokine receptors. including TNFRSF12A and CX3CR1, and were enriched for Tregs relative to matched primary tumors, which suggests suppression of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in metastatic LNs showed increased IL7R expression, and high IL7R levels within nodal metastases correlated with enhanced immune activation and improved progression-free survival in a validation cohort.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

ABSTRACT: Lymph node (LN) metastases are a major driver of mortality across solid cancers, including thyroid carcinomas, which are known for high rates of nodal colonization. To elucidate the determinants of nodal spread, we isolated tumor-infiltrating leukocytes from primary thyroid tumors and matched metastatic LNs for single-cell RNA sequencing with validation by multiplex immunohistochemistry. Comparing the microenvironmental alterations between primary tumors and their LNs, we found that thyrocytes and tumor-associated macrophages down-regulate the expression of multiple inflammatory cytokine receptors, including TNFRSF12A and CX3CR1, upon LN colonization. LNs were associated with the induction of regulatory T cells to suppress T cell-mediated cytotoxicity compared to matched primary tumors. Notably, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes within LNs demonstrated increased expression of activation markers, including interleukin-7 receptor (IL7R). High LN expression of IL7R was significantly correlated with improved outcomes and can serve as a biomarker in this heterogeneous disease. Our findings on the dynamic equilibrium within LN metastases may offer conserved mechanisms for nodal colonization across solid tumors.

Author Info: (1) Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,

Author Info: (1) Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (2) Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (3) Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (4) Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (5) Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (6) Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (7) Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (8) Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (9) Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (10) Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (11) Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (12) Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (13) Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (14) Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (15) Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (16) Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (17) Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (18) Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Citation: Sci Adv 2026 Jul 3 12:eaea4727 Epub07/03/2026

Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42397917

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Sustained A2AR expression and loss paradoxically promote CD8+ T cell exhaustion

Spotlight 

(1) Song L (2) Kharel A (3) Xie P (4) Fan J (5) Baker A (6) Zhang Y (7) Zhang Y (8) Cui W (9) Zhang B

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Free PMC Article

Using single-cell multiomics and genetic models, Song and Kharel et al. showed that, paradoxically, both sustained A2AR expression under chronic antigen exposure and hypoxia, and complete loss of A2AR drive the transition of TCFhi memory-like progenitor (Tpro) cells to exhausted T cells. A2AR expression was rapidly induced upon TCR stimulation and was required to sustain CD8+ T cell functions. Persistent A2AR expression promoted continuous TCR engagement and CD8+ T cell exhaustion via activation of the GαS-cAMP-PKA pathway. A2AR depletion led to epigenetic remodeling and activation of CD122 (IL-2Rβ)-dependent signaling, driving exhaustion.

Contributed by Ute Burkhardt

(1) Song L (2) Kharel A (3) Xie P (4) Fan J (5) Baker A (6) Zhang Y (7) Zhang Y (8) Cui W (9) Zhang B

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Free PMC Article

Using single-cell multiomics and genetic models, Song and Kharel et al. showed that, paradoxically, both sustained A2AR expression under chronic antigen exposure and hypoxia, and complete loss of A2AR drive the transition of TCFhi memory-like progenitor (Tpro) cells to exhausted T cells. A2AR expression was rapidly induced upon TCR stimulation and was required to sustain CD8+ T cell functions. Persistent A2AR expression promoted continuous TCR engagement and CD8+ T cell exhaustion via activation of the GαS-cAMP-PKA pathway. A2AR depletion led to epigenetic remodeling and activation of CD122 (IL-2Rβ)-dependent signaling, driving exhaustion.

Contributed by Ute Burkhardt

ABSTRACT: Although A2AR is a key immunoregulatory receptor that suppresses CD8(+) T cell activation in response to elevated extracellular adenosine in inflamed or hypoxic microenvironments, its role in CD8(+) T cell differentiation and cell-fate decisions during chronic viral infection and cancer remains poorly understood. Using A2AR-eGFP reporter mice, we show that A2AR expression is rapidly induced by TCR stimulation and persists under chronic antigen exposure and hypoxia, with sustained expression strongly associated with terminal exhaustion via the canonical G_(s)-cAMP-PKA pathway. Paradoxically, A2AR loss does not alleviate exhaustion but instead accelerates differentiation toward the terminally exhausted state. Single-cell multiomics profiling revealed that A2AR deficiency activates CD122 (IL-2R_)-dependent signaling, driving T cell exhaustion. Genetic deletion of CD122 in A2AR-deficient CD8(+) T cells reduced terminal exhaustion, identifying CD122 signaling as a key mediator of A2AR loss-driven exhaustion. Intriguingly, both sustained A2AR expression and A2AR loss converge to promote T cell exhaustion differentiation through distinct mechanisms. These findings uncover a paradoxical role of A2AR in shaping CD8(+) T cell fate choices during chronic infection and cancer.

Author Info: (1) Department of Medicine and Hematology and Oncology Division, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL 60611.

Author Info: (1) Department of Medicine and Hematology and Oncology Division, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL 60611. ROR: https://ror.org/02p4far57 (2) Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611. (3) Department of Medicine and Hematology and Oncology Division, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL 60611. ROR: https://ror.org/02p4far57 (4) Department of Medicine and Hematology and Oncology Division, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL 60611. ROR: https://ror.org/02p4far57 (5) Department of Medicine and Hematology and Oncology Division, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL 60611. ROR: https://ror.org/02p4far57 (6) Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611. (7) Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China. ROR: https://ror.org/056swr059 (8) Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611. (9) Department of Medicine and Hematology and Oncology Division, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL 60611. ROR: https://ror.org/02p4far57

Citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2026 Jul 7 123:e2602385123 Epub06/30/2026

Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42378284

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Neoadjuvant stereotactic body radiation therapy with durvalumab and oleclumab in ER+HER2- breast cancer: a randomized phase 2 trial

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(1) De Caluwé A (2) Desmoulins I (3) Cao K (4) Remouchamps V (5) Baten A (6) Longton E (7) Peignaux K (8) Joaquin Garcia A (9) Venet D (10) Arecco L (11) Agostinetto E (12) Nader-Marta G (13) Denis Z (14) Dhont J (15) Kristanto P (16) Catteau X (17) Larsimont D (18) Salgado R (19) Poortmans P (20) Stagg J (21) Sotiriou C (22) Piccart M (23) Ignatiadis M (24) Romano E (25) Buisseret L

Nature medicine

De Caluwé et al. conducted a phase 2 clinical trial in patients with ER+HER2- breast cancer assessing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with immune-modulating stereotactic body radiation therapy (iSBRT) alone or combined with anti-PD-L1 and anti-CD73 ICB. The addition of single or double ICB improved residual cancer burden and complete response rates. Patients with node-positive, PD-L1-negative tumors containing stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes at baseline benefited most, with treatment modulating the tumor immune microenvironment from cold to hot.

(1) De Caluwé A (2) Desmoulins I (3) Cao K (4) Remouchamps V (5) Baten A (6) Longton E (7) Peignaux K (8) Joaquin Garcia A (9) Venet D (10) Arecco L (11) Agostinetto E (12) Nader-Marta G (13) Denis Z (14) Dhont J (15) Kristanto P (16) Catteau X (17) Larsimont D (18) Salgado R (19) Poortmans P (20) Stagg J (21) Sotiriou C (22) Piccart M (23) Ignatiadis M (24) Romano E (25) Buisseret L

Nature medicine

De Caluwé et al. conducted a phase 2 clinical trial in patients with ER+HER2- breast cancer assessing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with immune-modulating stereotactic body radiation therapy (iSBRT) alone or combined with anti-PD-L1 and anti-CD73 ICB. The addition of single or double ICB improved residual cancer burden and complete response rates. Patients with node-positive, PD-L1-negative tumors containing stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes at baseline benefited most, with treatment modulating the tumor immune microenvironment from cold to hot.

ABSTRACT: Patients with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), HER2-negative, early breast cancer (BC) have low pathologic complete response (pCR) rates following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) provide limited benefit in programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-negative tumors, characterized by an immune-cold tumor microenvironment. Here we hypothesized that immune-modulating stereotactic body radiation therapy (iSBRT; 3 × 8 Gy) could enhance response through tumor microenvironment reprogramming, and that CD73 blockade could further improve efficacy. We conducted a phase 2, randomized, multicenter trial (Neo-CheckRay) in 147 female patients with high-risk, ER+HER2- early BC. Patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus iSBRT alone (No_ICI), with anti-PD-L1 durvalumab (Single_ICI) or with durvalumab plus anti-CD73 oleclumab (Double_ICI). In the intention-to-treat population, the primary endpoint, residual cancer burden 0/1 rate, was 35.4% with No_ICI, 45.1% with Single_ICI and 47.9% with Double_ICI, without statistically significant differences. pCR rates were 16.7%, 29.4% and 33.3%, respectively (P = 0.059). In the per-protocol population (MammaPrint High Risk, n = 131), pCR rates were 16.3%, 32.6% and 35.6%, respectively (P = 0.040). Among PD-L1-negative tumors (n = 91), pCR rates were 3.4%, 28.1% and 30.0%, respectively. No new safety signals were observed. Baseline transcriptomic analysis showed low immune signature expression in PD-L1-negative tumors. Paired baseline and on-treatment biopsies obtained 1 week after iSBRT demonstrated tumor microenvironment reprogramming toward an inflamed phenotype in the iSBRT + anti-PD-L1 arms. These findings suggest that iSBRT + anti-PD-L1 may convert immune-cold ER+HER2- BC into more inflamed tumors and improve response, particularly in PD-L1-negative disease. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT03875573 .

Author Info: (1) Institut Jules Bordet, H™pitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles (H.U.B), UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. alex.decaluwe@bordet.be. (2) Centre Georges-Franoi

Author Info: (1) Institut Jules Bordet, H™pitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles (H.U.B), UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. alex.decaluwe@bordet.be. (2) Centre Georges-Franois Leclerc, UniversitŽ Bourgogne Europe, Dijon, France. (3) Institut Curie, Paris, France. (4) CHU St Elisabeth, Namur, Belgium. (5) Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. (6) H™pital Universitaire St Luc, Brussels, Belgium. (7) Centre Georges-Franois Leclerc, UniversitŽ Bourgogne Europe, Dijon, France. (8) Institut Jules Bordet, H™pitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles (H.U.B), UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. (9) Institut Jules Bordet, H™pitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles (H.U.B), UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. (10) Institut Jules Bordet, H™pitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles (H.U.B), UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. (11) Institut Jules Bordet, H™pitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles (H.U.B), UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. (12) Institut Jules Bordet, H™pitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles (H.U.B), UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. (13) Institut Jules Bordet, H™pitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles (H.U.B), UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. (14) Institut Jules Bordet, H™pitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles (H.U.B), UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. (15) Institut Jules Bordet, H™pitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles (H.U.B), UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. (16) Institut Jules Bordet, H™pitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles (H.U.B), UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. (17) Institut Jules Bordet, H™pitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles (H.U.B), UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. (18) ZAS Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium. Peter Mac Callum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. (19) Iridium Netwerk, Antwerp, Belgium. University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. (20) Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (21) Institut Jules Bordet, H™pitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles (H.U.B), UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. (22) Institut Jules Bordet, H™pitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles (H.U.B), UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. (23) Institut Jules Bordet, H™pitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles (H.U.B), UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. (24) Institut Curie, Paris, France. (25) Institut Jules Bordet, H™pitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles (H.U.B), UniversitŽ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.

Citation: Nat Med 2026 Jun 25 Epub06/25/2026

Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42350643

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IL-2 mutein promotes antigen-specific transplant acceptance in mice through expansion of ST2(+) regulatory T cells Spotlight 

(1) Ganchiku Y (2) Ribas GT (3) Lima K (4) Gassen RB (5) Liu K (6) Efe O (7) Griffith JW (8) Luster AD (9) Shriver Z (10) Babcock GJ (11) Rosales IA (12) LeGuern C (13) Borges TJ (14) Riella LV

Nature communications | Free PMC Article

Focused on improving transplantation tolerance, Ganchiku et al. evaluated a long-lived, high-affinity receptor binding IL-2 mutein (mIL-2) in multiple solid organ transplantation models. mIL-2 therapy (with transient co-stimulation blockade) significantly improved long-term allograft survival in an Ag-specific manner, which persisted after cessation of treatment. Allograft survival was accompanied by Treg activation, decreased effector T cell activation, and reduced donor specific antibody levels. mIL-2-mediated allograft survival depended on expansion of highly active and suppressive tissue ST2+ Tregs and was abrogated in Treg-specific ST2 KO graft recipients.

Contributed by Katherine Turner

(1) Ganchiku Y (2) Ribas GT (3) Lima K (4) Gassen RB (5) Liu K (6) Efe O (7) Griffith JW (8) Luster AD (9) Shriver Z (10) Babcock GJ (11) Rosales IA (12) LeGuern C (13) Borges TJ (14) Riella LV

Nature communications | Free PMC Article

Focused on improving transplantation tolerance, Ganchiku et al. evaluated a long-lived, high-affinity receptor binding IL-2 mutein (mIL-2) in multiple solid organ transplantation models. mIL-2 therapy (with transient co-stimulation blockade) significantly improved long-term allograft survival in an Ag-specific manner, which persisted after cessation of treatment. Allograft survival was accompanied by Treg activation, decreased effector T cell activation, and reduced donor specific antibody levels. mIL-2-mediated allograft survival depended on expansion of highly active and suppressive tissue ST2+ Tregs and was abrogated in Treg-specific ST2 KO graft recipients.

Contributed by Katherine Turner

ABSTRACT: Although transplantation is the preferred treatment for end-stage organ disease, long-term outcomes are limited by immunosuppressive drug toxicity and immune-mediated injury. Selective in vivo expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) using interleukin-2 (IL-2) analogs has emerged as a strategy to induce antigen-specific transplant tolerance with fewer side effects. Herein, we investigate the therapeutic efficacy of an IL-2 mutein molecule (mIL-2) with enhanced receptor specificity and extended half-life in murine models of solid organ transplantation. mIL-2 therapy significantly improves allograft survival in an antigen-specific manner, accompanied by increased Treg activation, decreased effector T cell activation and reduced donor-specific antibody production. Transcriptional profiling reveals expansion of Tregs expressing the suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) Tregs with heightened activation status and suppressive function. Accordingly, the mIL-2-induced long-term allograft survival is abrogated in Treg-specific ST2 knockout graft recipients, underscoring the critical role of ST2(+) Tregs. These findings identify mIL-2 as an approach to promote long-term transplant tolerance while reducing reliance on conventional immunosuppression.

Author Info: (1) Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA. Department of Gastroenterological Surg

Author Info: (1) Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA. Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan. (2) Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA. (3) Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA. (4) Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA. (5) Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA. (6) Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA. (7) Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. (8) Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA. Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. (9) Visterra, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA. (10) Visterra, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA. (11) Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA. (12) Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA. (13) Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA. (14) Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA. LRIELLA@mgh.harvard.edu. Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. LRIELLA@mgh.harvard.edu.

Citation: Nat Commun 2026 Jun 22 17: Epub06/22/2026

Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42331795

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Treg cells promote immunotherapy-induced immune evasion by restraining CD4 T cell control of MHC-I-deficient metastatic pancreatic cancer

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(1) Schmiechen ZC (2) Cruz-Hinojoza E (3) Hilk AL (4) Ellefson MA (5) Tsai AK (6) Dres OM (7) Kang LI (8) Geuenich MJ (9) Butler JZ (10) Burrack AL (11) Larsen BM (12) Hickok GH (13) Miller EA (14) Lonetree CL (15) Gaire A (16) Pandey R (17) Nanda HA (18) Chaudhury I (19) Corbiere T (20) Dileepan T (21) Shen SS (22) Campbell KR (23) DeNardo DG (24) Stromnes IM

Science immunology

Schmiechen et al. found that variants of PDA that escaped following PD-L1 blockade showed epigenetic silencing of Tap1 expression, which induced loss of IFNγ-inducible MHC-I and reduced tumor cell killing mediated by CD8+ T cell. Escape variants also had an increased capacity for metastasis, which was promoted by Tregs and their suppressive effect on conventional CD4+ T cells. Combination strategies involving restoring IFNγ-inducible MHC-I, targeting Tregs, and enhancing Tconv enabled more effective cancer immunotherapy, suggesting potentially targetable mechanisms to enhance immunotherapy in PDA.

(1) Schmiechen ZC (2) Cruz-Hinojoza E (3) Hilk AL (4) Ellefson MA (5) Tsai AK (6) Dres OM (7) Kang LI (8) Geuenich MJ (9) Butler JZ (10) Burrack AL (11) Larsen BM (12) Hickok GH (13) Miller EA (14) Lonetree CL (15) Gaire A (16) Pandey R (17) Nanda HA (18) Chaudhury I (19) Corbiere T (20) Dileepan T (21) Shen SS (22) Campbell KR (23) DeNardo DG (24) Stromnes IM

Science immunology

Schmiechen et al. found that variants of PDA that escaped following PD-L1 blockade showed epigenetic silencing of Tap1 expression, which induced loss of IFNγ-inducible MHC-I and reduced tumor cell killing mediated by CD8+ T cell. Escape variants also had an increased capacity for metastasis, which was promoted by Tregs and their suppressive effect on conventional CD4+ T cells. Combination strategies involving restoring IFNγ-inducible MHC-I, targeting Tregs, and enhancing Tconv enabled more effective cancer immunotherapy, suggesting potentially targetable mechanisms to enhance immunotherapy in PDA.

ABSTRACT: Mechanisms driving immunotherapy resistance in pancreatic cancer are poorly defined. We demonstrate that programmed death-ligand 1 immune checkpoint blockade promoted immune evasion by epigenetic Tap1 (transporter associated with antigen processing 1) silencing, increasing selection of metastatic tumor variants with defective interferon-_ (IFN-_)-inducible class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) expression. Unleashing CD4 conventional T cells by regulatory T cell (T(reg) cell) depletion, transfer of tumor-reactive CD4 T cells, or anti-CTLA-4 prevented metastasis. Tumor-specific CD4 T cells adopted a TCF-1(+)SLAMF6(+) progenitor state in lymph nodes and differentiated in tumors. Anti-CTLA-4 increased intratumoral accumulation of CD4 T cells with stemness and tissue residency features, reduced metastasis, and induced gene signatures correlated with improved patient outcomes. MHC-I restoration with anti-CTLA-4 prolonged survival in murine models. In patient tumors, T(reg) cells and CD4 T cells colocalized, and abundance correlated with survival. These findings identify targetable mechanisms of immune evasion and metastasis in immunotherapy-resistant cancer.

Author Info: (1) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapo

Author Info: (1) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. (2) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. (3) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. (4) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. (5) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. (6) Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. (7) Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. (8) Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada. Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. (9) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. (10) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. (11) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. (12) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. (13) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. (14) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. (15) Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. (16) Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. (17) Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. (18) Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ, USA. (19) Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ, USA. (20) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. (21) Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. (22) Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada. Division of Oncology, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada. Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada. (23) Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. (24) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Citation: Sci Immunol 2026 Jun 26 11:eadz4302 Epub06/26/2026

Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42361199

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Metabolic determinants of cancer immunotherapy outcomes identified by plasma profiling Spotlight 

(1) Suissa D (2) Fidelle M (3) Reich E (4) Pham TN (5) Thomas S (6) Bjšrk JR (7) Liu P (8) Zhao L (9) Kitaoka K (10) Piard E (11) Lebhar I (12) Tian AL (13) Thelemaque C (14) Alves Costa Silva C (15) Deutsch E (16) Loriot Y (17) Segata N (18) Piccinno G (19) Hospers GAP (20) Maleki Vareki S (21) Silverman MS (22) Lenehan JG (23) Bataille V (24) Boulate D (25) Kuznetsova T (26) Weersma RK (27) Messaoudene M (28) Durand S (29) van der Aalst CM (30) de Koning HJ (31) Schuler-Thurner B (32) de Vries IJM (33) Rafie E (34) Saliby RM (35) Machaalani M (36) Haferkamp S (37) Schilling B (38) Porcari S (39) Ciccarese C (40) Iacovelli R (41) Cremolini C (42) Choueiri TK (43) Elkrief A (44) Kroemer G (45) Heinzerling L (46) Chamoto K (47) Ianiro G (48) Routy B (49) Derosa L (50) Paragios N (51) Zitvogel L

Nature medicine

Suissa and Fidelle et al. performed targeted metabolomics to 4,336 plasma samples from 1,714 ICI-treated patients across 16 cohorts and trained an ML model that predicted 12‑month PFS, with histidine as a favorable marker and long-chain fatty acids and succinate associated with poor outcome. Histidine supplementation promoted mitochondrial FAO and regulated T cell exhaustion, enhancing ICI-induced antitumor immunity in fibrosarcoma and melanoma models. Histidine-rich diet was associated with favorable PFS in patients without dysbiosis-associated histidine catabolism, and fecal histidine levels inversely correlated with severe irAEs.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

(1) Suissa D (2) Fidelle M (3) Reich E (4) Pham TN (5) Thomas S (6) Bjšrk JR (7) Liu P (8) Zhao L (9) Kitaoka K (10) Piard E (11) Lebhar I (12) Tian AL (13) Thelemaque C (14) Alves Costa Silva C (15) Deutsch E (16) Loriot Y (17) Segata N (18) Piccinno G (19) Hospers GAP (20) Maleki Vareki S (21) Silverman MS (22) Lenehan JG (23) Bataille V (24) Boulate D (25) Kuznetsova T (26) Weersma RK (27) Messaoudene M (28) Durand S (29) van der Aalst CM (30) de Koning HJ (31) Schuler-Thurner B (32) de Vries IJM (33) Rafie E (34) Saliby RM (35) Machaalani M (36) Haferkamp S (37) Schilling B (38) Porcari S (39) Ciccarese C (40) Iacovelli R (41) Cremolini C (42) Choueiri TK (43) Elkrief A (44) Kroemer G (45) Heinzerling L (46) Chamoto K (47) Ianiro G (48) Routy B (49) Derosa L (50) Paragios N (51) Zitvogel L

Nature medicine

Suissa and Fidelle et al. performed targeted metabolomics to 4,336 plasma samples from 1,714 ICI-treated patients across 16 cohorts and trained an ML model that predicted 12‑month PFS, with histidine as a favorable marker and long-chain fatty acids and succinate associated with poor outcome. Histidine supplementation promoted mitochondrial FAO and regulated T cell exhaustion, enhancing ICI-induced antitumor immunity in fibrosarcoma and melanoma models. Histidine-rich diet was associated with favorable PFS in patients without dysbiosis-associated histidine catabolism, and fecal histidine levels inversely correlated with severe irAEs.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

ABSTRACT: Immune-checkpoint inhibitors benefit a subset of patients with advanced cancer, and the metabolic determinants of response remain unclear. Here, using targeted metabolomics and metagenomics, we profiled 4,336 plasma samples from 1,714 patients across five tumor types and 16 cohorts spanning Europe and North America, longitudinally sampled during five immune-checkpoint inhibitor-based treatment modalities, including fecal microbiota transplantation. A multimodal machine-learning framework integrating 154 metabolites with clinical variables identified five metabolites, age, body mass index and renal function as predictors of 12-month progression-free survival. The model achieved areas under the curve of 0.88 in training and 0.73 in validation cohorts of 105 and 30 patients, respectively and generalized across seven external cohorts. Histidine was a favorable prognostic feature of survival, whereas long-chain fatty acids and succinate were negatively associated with outcome. Histidine supplementation enhanced antitumor immunity in mice. Histidine-rich diets improved progression-free survival in patients lacking dysbiotic microbiome signatures associated with histidine catabolism.

Author Info: (1) UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, ClinicObiome, Inserm UMR1367, Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity for Cancer Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France. (2) UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay,

Author Info: (1) UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, ClinicObiome, Inserm UMR1367, Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity for Cancer Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France. (2) UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, ClinicObiome, Inserm UMR1367, Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity for Cancer Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France. (3) UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, ClinicObiome, Inserm UMR1367, Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity for Cancer Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France. (4) UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, ClinicObiome, Inserm UMR1367, Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity for Cancer Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France. (5) UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, ClinicObiome, Inserm UMR1367, Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity for Cancer Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France. (6) Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. (7) INSERM U1138 - Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity, ƒquipe LabellisŽe par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UniversitŽ Paris CitŽ, Sorbonne UniversitŽ, Paris, France. UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, INSERM US23 AMMICa, Metabolomic Platform, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. (8) INSERM U1138 - Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity, ƒquipe LabellisŽe par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UniversitŽ Paris CitŽ, Sorbonne UniversitŽ, Paris, France. UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, INSERM US23 AMMICa, Metabolomic Platform, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. (9) Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology (CCII), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. (10) UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, ClinicObiome, Inserm UMR1367, Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity for Cancer Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France. (11) UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, ClinicObiome, Inserm UMR1367, Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity for Cancer Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France. (12) UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, ClinicObiome, Inserm UMR1367, Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity for Cancer Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France. (13) UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, ClinicObiome, Inserm UMR1367, Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity for Cancer Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France. (14) UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, ClinicObiome, Inserm UMR1367, Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity for Cancer Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France. Oncoclinicas&Co - Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MEDSIR), Sao Paulo, Brazil. Gonalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil. Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil. (15) Department of Radiation Oncology, Gustave Roussy, UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1355, RHU LySAIRI, Villejuif, France. (16) Department of Therapeutic Innovation and Early Trials (DITEP), INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. (17) Department of Computational, Cellular and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy. (18) Department of Computational, Cellular and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy. (19) Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. (20) Verspeeten Family Cancer Centre, London Health Sciences Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. Department of Oncology, Division of Experimental Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. (21) Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. Division of Infectious Diseases, St Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada. (22) Verspeeten Family Cancer Centre, London Health Sciences Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada. Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. (23) Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK. Department of Dermatology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, UK. Department of Dermatology, Hemel Hempstead Hospital, West Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Hemel Hempstead, UK. (24) Department of Thoracic Surgery, H™pital-Nord-APHM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France. H™pital Marie Lannelongue, GHPSJ, Le Plessis-Robinson, France. (25) Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. (26) Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. (27) Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'UniversitŽ de MontrŽal (CRCHUM), Axe Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (28) INSERM U1138 - Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity, ƒquipe LabellisŽe par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UniversitŽ Paris CitŽ, Sorbonne UniversitŽ, Paris, France. UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, INSERM US23 AMMICa, Metabolomic Platform, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. (29) Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Centre - University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. (30) Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Centre - University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. (31) Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-UniversitŠt Erlangen-NŸrnberg (FAU), UniversitŠtsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany. Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Erlangen, Germany. (32) Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. (33) Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'UniversitŽ de MontrŽal (CRCHUM), Axe Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Hemato-Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'UniversitŽ de MontrŽal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (34) Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. (35) Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. (36) Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Erlangen, Germany. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. (37) Department of Dermatology, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. (38) Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Universitˆ Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltˆ di Medicina e Chirurgia, Rome, Italy. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC CEMAD Centro Malattie dell'Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy. (39) Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Universitˆ Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltˆ di Medicina e Chirurgia, Rome, Italy. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC Oncologia Medica, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy. (40) Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Universitˆ Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltˆ di Medicina e Chirurgia, Rome, Italy. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC Oncologia Medica, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy. (41) Unit of Medical Oncology 2, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. (42) Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. (43) Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'UniversitŽ de MontrŽal (CRCHUM), Axe Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Hemato-Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'UniversitŽ de MontrŽal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (44) INSERM U1138 - Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity, ƒquipe LabellisŽe par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UniversitŽ Paris CitŽ, Sorbonne UniversitŽ, Paris, France. UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, INSERM US23 AMMICa, Metabolomic Platform, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, H™pital EuropŽen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France. (45) Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-UniversitŠt Erlangen-NŸrnberg (FAU), UniversitŠtsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany. Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Erlangen, Germany. Department of Dermatology and Allergy, LMU University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. (46) Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology (CCII), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Division of Cancer Immune Regulation, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology (CCII), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. (47) Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Universitˆ Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltˆ di Medicina e Chirurgia, Rome, Italy. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC CEMAD Centro Malattie dell'Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy. (48) Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'UniversitŽ de MontrŽal (CRCHUM), Axe Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Hemato-Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'UniversitŽ de MontrŽal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (49) UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, ClinicObiome, Inserm UMR1367, Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity for Cancer Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France. Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. (50) MICS Laboratory, CentraleSupŽlec, UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. nikos.paragios@centralesupelec.fr. TheraPanacea, Paris, France. nikos.paragios@centralesupelec.fr. (51) UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, ClinicObiome, Inserm UMR1367, Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity for Cancer Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France. Laurence.zitvogel@gustaveroussy.fr.

Citation: Nat Med 2026 Jun 25 Epub06/25/2026

Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42350644

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