Journal Articles

Loss of the autoimmune risk gene TREX1 reveals a convergence of mechanisms promoting immune tolerance loss and antitumor immunity Spotlight 

As certain irAEs correlate with clinical efficacy following checkpoint inhibitor therapy, Lim and Williams et al. investigated the relationship between autoimmunity and antitumor immunity. Loss of TREX1, an autoimmune risk gene and key negative regulator of the STING and type I IFN pathways promoted antitumor immunity in mice, and shared pathways with successful cancer immunotherapy. Like in PDCD1-/- and CTLA4-/- mice, constitutive TREX1 loss resulted in multiorgan CD8+ T cell influx, autoimmunity, and myocarditis. Conditional systemic TREX1 ablation was well tolerated and promoted effective CD8+ T cell-driven antitumor immunity, suggesting a new opportunity for immunotherapy.

Contributed by Katherine Turner

As certain irAEs correlate with clinical efficacy following checkpoint inhibitor therapy, Lim and Williams et al. investigated the relationship between autoimmunity and antitumor immunity. Loss of TREX1, an autoimmune risk gene and key negative regulator of the STING and type I IFN pathways promoted antitumor immunity in mice, and shared pathways with successful cancer immunotherapy. Like in PDCD1-/- and CTLA4-/- mice, constitutive TREX1 loss resulted in multiorgan CD8+ T cell influx, autoimmunity, and myocarditis. Conditional systemic TREX1 ablation was well tolerated and promoted effective CD8+ T cell-driven antitumor immunity, suggesting a new opportunity for immunotherapy.

Contributed by Katherine Turner

ABSTRACT: Checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 have transformed cancer therapy. Both are genetically associated with autoimmune disorders. Moreover, certain immune-related adverse events and autoimmune risk variants are linked to the clinical efficacy of checkpoint inhibition. These associations suggest common principles governing successful cancer immunotherapy and autoimmune susceptibility. Here, we show that ablation of the cytosolic DNA exonuclease TREX1 predisposes mice to autoimmunity while promoting robust antitumor immunity. Constitutive TREX1 loss leads to early onset autoimmunity, characterized by multiorgan CD8+ T cell infiltration, myocarditis, and Sjgren's syndrome-like disease. In contrast, induced systemic TREX1 ablation is well tolerated and promotes effective CD8+ T cell-driven antitumor immunity. Detailed phenotypic studies revealed a notable overlap between productive antitumor and pathogenic autoimmune CD8+ T cell responses. Collectively, we provide mechanistic evidence for interrelated mechanisms underlying autoimmunity and successful cancer immunotherapy, uncover key parallels between adaptive T cell and innate immune checkpoints, and suggest that targeting autoimmune risk genes represents a promising future avenue for cancer immunotherapy.

Author Info: 1Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.

Author Info: 1Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.

Tumors hijack immune-privileging regulons via distinct cell types to confer T cell desertion and immunotherapy resistance across various cancers Spotlight 

Lawal et al. identified an immune-privileging regulon signature (IMPREG) from tumor samples of patients who were non-responsive to ICB. IMPREG mirrors transcriptional programs of immune-privileged organs. Transcriptomics revealed that IMPREG was activated via three compartments: immature neuronal-like malignant cells, myofibroblastic CAFs, or endothelial cells, forming niches devoid of effector T cells and enriched for TGFβ3, CXCL12, and IL-34-driven suppressive circuits. High IMPREG scores predicted ICB resistance in 14 cancer types, and was associated with increased sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors and anti-angiogenic therapies.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

Lawal et al. identified an immune-privileging regulon signature (IMPREG) from tumor samples of patients who were non-responsive to ICB. IMPREG mirrors transcriptional programs of immune-privileged organs. Transcriptomics revealed that IMPREG was activated via three compartments: immature neuronal-like malignant cells, myofibroblastic CAFs, or endothelial cells, forming niches devoid of effector T cells and enriched for TGFβ3, CXCL12, and IL-34-driven suppressive circuits. High IMPREG scores predicted ICB resistance in 14 cancer types, and was associated with increased sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors and anti-angiogenic therapies.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

ABSTRACT: Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has transformed oncology, yet most patients fail to respond, suffer from hyper-progressive disease, or face severe immune-related toxicities, underscoring the urgent need for biomarkers that identify non-responders. Here we show that tumors co-opt an immune-privileging regulon signature (IMPREG) mirroring transcriptional programs of immune-privileged organs - to enforce T-cell desertion and ICB resistance across solid tumor types. Single-cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses reveal that tumors activate IMPREG through three distinct cellular routes: malignant cells adopting immature neuronal states, cancer-associated fibroblasts assuming myofibroblast identities, or endothelial cells - each creating localized niches of immune suppression and antigen-presentation collapse. Across 4 discovery and 36 validation clinical datasets, IMPREG consistently predicts immunotherapy resistance in 14 distinct cancer types, functioning as an orthogonal marker independent of established biomarkers. Crucially, IMPREG-expressing tumors show enhanced sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors or anti-angiogenic therapies in specific tumor entities. These findings suggest IMPREG as a dual-utility predictive biomarker for personalized treatment stratification.

Author Info: 1UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 2Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 3Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC,

Author Info: 1UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 2Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 3Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 4UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. xiaosongw@pitt.edu. 5Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. xiaosongw@pitt.edu.

CD39+CD49a+CD103+ cytotoxic tissue-resident natural killer cells infiltrate and control solid epithelial tumor growth in mice

Featured  

Two recent papers phenotyped tumoral NK cell subsets. Lozada et al. detected a tissue-resident (TR) adaptive subset that was IFNG-driven, associated with better clinical outcomes and response to checkpoint blockade, while canonical NK cells expressed high TGFB1 and were suppressive. Horowitz, Mahammad, Ho Shin et al. also found that tissue-resident CD49a+CD103+ NK cells (trNK cells) can have suppressive or cytotoxic functions. A cytotoxic trNK population expressing CD39 had the highest cytolytic antitumor activity and could be differentiated and expanded ex vivo for adoptive transfer.

Two recent papers phenotyped tumoral NK cell subsets. Lozada et al. detected a tissue-resident (TR) adaptive subset that was IFNG-driven, associated with better clinical outcomes and response to checkpoint blockade, while canonical NK cells expressed high TGFB1 and were suppressive. Horowitz, Mahammad, Ho Shin et al. also found that tissue-resident CD49a+CD103+ NK cells (trNK cells) can have suppressive or cytotoxic functions. A cytotoxic trNK population expressing CD39 had the highest cytolytic antitumor activity and could be differentiated and expanded ex vivo for adoptive transfer.

ABSTRACT: Human tissue-resident natural killer (NK) cells (trNK cells), broadly defined by markers of tissue residency, such as CD49a [integrin α1 (ITGA1)] and CD103 [integrin αE (ITGAE)], are increasingly recognized for their immunoregulatory role in host control of infection, malignancy, and autoimmunity. Although the importance of transforming growth factor-β in trNK cell differentiation has been demonstrated, the context in which the differentiation of CD49a+CD103+ trNK cells occurs can result in either an immunosuppressive phenotype (e.g., decidual NK cells) or a highly cytotoxic one (e.g., some tumor trNK subsets). To understand this dichotomy better, we used a multiomic approach to molecularly characterize these cells. We identified a cytotoxic trNK (ctrNK) cell population, characterized by the expression of CD39. These ctrNK cells exhibited superior cytolytic activity against tumor target cells, enhanced capacity to infiltrate into solid tumor microenvironments, and augmented ability to control solid tumor growth in vivo compared with conventionally activated peripheral NK cells. This heightened cytolytic and infiltrative functionality of ctrNK cells appeared to be conferred, in part, by the expression of CD103 and by avidity for tumor targets. Because adoptive immune cell therapy of solid tumor malignancies has been challenged by the inefficiency of ex vivo expanded immune cells to infiltrate immunosuppressive solid tumor microenvironments, our observations that ctrNK cells can be differentiated and expanded ex vivo present a potential platform for adoptive cell therapy of solid tumor malignancies.

Author Info: 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. 2Department of Bioengineering, Stanfo

Author Info: 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. 2Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. 4Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. 5Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-the James, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. 6Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. 7Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. 8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. 9Section of Computational Biology, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. 10Siteman Cancer Center at WashU Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.

Integrated Single-Cell Profiling Reveals Dichotomous NK Cell Populations Associated with Immunosuppression in Solid Tumors Featured  

Two recent papers phenotyped tumoral NK cell subsets. Lozada et al. detected a tissue-resident (TR) adaptive subset that was IFNG-driven, associated with better clinical outcomes and response to checkpoint blockade, while canonical NK cells expressed high TGFB1 and were suppressive. Horowitz, Mahammad, Ho Shin et al. also found that tissue-resident CD49a+CD103+ NK cells (trNK cells) can have suppressive or cytotoxic functions. A cytotoxic trNK population expressing CD39 had the highest cytolytic antitumor activity and could be differentiated and expanded ex vivo for adoptive transfer.

Two recent papers phenotyped tumoral NK cell subsets. Lozada et al. detected a tissue-resident (TR) adaptive subset that was IFNG-driven, associated with better clinical outcomes and response to checkpoint blockade, while canonical NK cells expressed high TGFB1 and were suppressive. Horowitz, Mahammad, Ho Shin et al. also found that tissue-resident CD49a+CD103+ NK cells (trNK cells) can have suppressive or cytotoxic functions. A cytotoxic trNK population expressing CD39 had the highest cytolytic antitumor activity and could be differentiated and expanded ex vivo for adoptive transfer.

ABSTRACT: Natural killer (NK) cells represent key effectors of antitumor immunity, yet emerging evidence highlights populations with distinct roles in cancer. Despite such expanded diversity within the NK cell repertoire, we lack an understanding of how this heterogeneity impacts immune responses and downstream clinical outcomes. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), we systematically profiled NK cells across cancer and uncovered a dichotomous phenotypic and functional landscape of tumor-infiltrating NK cells shaped by opposing intrinsic signaling programs that drive the expression of IFNG or TGFB1. These divergent programs are associated with distinct transcription factor circuits that integrate cues within the tumor microenvironment and skew NK cells towards pro-inflammatory or suppressive functions. We found that the capacity for NK cells to engage in either functional direction is intrinsically linked to their phenotypic identity. Canonical NK cells recruited from circulation predominantly directed suppressive TGFB1 signals towards effector CD8+ T cells in tumors. Of note, these subsets exhibited higher TGFB1 expression than intratumoral myeloid cells across tumor types. In contrast, a tissue-resident adaptive subset exhibited exclusively pro-inflammatory IFNG-driven profiles and was associated with prolonged survival in both primary and metastatic tumor settings. Moreover, these tissue-resident adaptive NK cells, but not other subsets, were linked to response to immune checkpoint blockade. Collectively, our study reveals a previously unrecognized regulatory axis in NK cells that shapes NK cell diversity and augments broader antitumor immune responses.

Author Info: 1University of Minnesota Minneapolis United States. 2Caris Life Sciences (United States) Irving, Texas United States. 3University of Minnesota Cancer Center Minneapolis United Stat

Author Info: 1University of Minnesota Minneapolis United States. 2Caris Life Sciences (United States) Irving, Texas United States. 3University of Minnesota Cancer Center Minneapolis United States. 4Caris Life Sciences (United States) Phoenix, AZ United States. 5University of Minnesota Minnesota, MN United States. 6University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota United States. 7Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN United States. 8University of Chicago Chicago, IL United States. 9Caris Life Sciences (United States) Los Angeles, CA United States. 10University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN United States.

Intermetallic nanoassemblies potentiate systemic STING activation Spotlight 

Zhou, and Ling et al. engineered CRYSTAL, a crystal-like STING-activating nanoassembly, to stabilize a STING agonist and enhance STING signaling at lower doses. Intravenous CRYSTAL activated myeloid cells, remodeled immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments, and primed host STING-dependent CD8+ T cell responses, driving durable tumor regression in advanced murine and rabbit models. Across mice, dogs, and non-human primates, CRYSTAL induced potent, but transient interferon responses, without cytokine release syndrome. Ex vivo treatment of human head and neck cancer biopsies triggered strong interferon signaling.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

Zhou, and Ling et al. engineered CRYSTAL, a crystal-like STING-activating nanoassembly, to stabilize a STING agonist and enhance STING signaling at lower doses. Intravenous CRYSTAL activated myeloid cells, remodeled immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments, and primed host STING-dependent CD8+ T cell responses, driving durable tumor regression in advanced murine and rabbit models. Across mice, dogs, and non-human primates, CRYSTAL induced potent, but transient interferon responses, without cytokine release syndrome. Ex vivo treatment of human head and neck cancer biopsies triggered strong interferon signaling.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

ABSTRACT: Natural systems use metal ions to form ordered structures that regulate biological processes, inspiring the rational design of nanotherapeutics. The cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway drives antitumor immunity but has been difficult to activate systemically owing to poor pharmacology and toxicity. Here, we report CRYSTAL, a structurally ordered intermetallic nanoparticle for potent systemic STING activation. CRYSTAL self-assembles from manganese ions intercalated with cyclic dinucleotides, enabling precise structural control. At an ultralow intravenous dose (0.003 milligrams per kilogram), CRYSTAL activated STING in mice, dogs, and nonhuman primates without cytokine release syndrome. CRYSTAL induced robust tumor regression in advanced murine and rabbit models, remodeled immunosuppressive environments, and promoted host STING-dependent CD8(+) T cell priming. CRYSTAL activated interferon responses in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma biopsies, underscoring its translational potential for cancer immunotherapy.

Author Info: 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 2Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 3Department of Chemical En

Author Info: 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 2Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 3Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 4Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 5Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. 6Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. 7Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. 8Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 9Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 10Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. #Contributed equally.

mRNA vaccine immunity is enhanced by hepatocyte detargeting and not dependent on dendritic cell expression Spotlight 

To study how cell type-specific expression on mRNA-encoded proteins influences immunity, Marks and Siu et al. incorporated synthetic microRNA target sites into the mRNA. LNP-delivered mRNA did not need to be directly expressed in professional APCs (pAPCs), and expression in muscle cells was sufficient or stronger in immune response induction than pAPCs. mRNA expression in hepatocytes dampened the CD8+ T cell response and reduced mRNA vaccine control of tumor growth. Silencing mRNA expression in hepatocytes reversed these effects and, when mRNA vaccines were used to expand transferred T cells, reduced liver T cell infiltration and toxicity.

Contributed by Ute Burkhardt

To study how cell type-specific expression on mRNA-encoded proteins influences immunity, Marks and Siu et al. incorporated synthetic microRNA target sites into the mRNA. LNP-delivered mRNA did not need to be directly expressed in professional APCs (pAPCs), and expression in muscle cells was sufficient or stronger in immune response induction than pAPCs. mRNA expression in hepatocytes dampened the CD8+ T cell response and reduced mRNA vaccine control of tumor growth. Silencing mRNA expression in hepatocytes reversed these effects and, when mRNA vaccines were used to expand transferred T cells, reduced liver T cell infiltration and toxicity.

Contributed by Ute Burkhardt

ABSTRACT: Proteins encoded by mRNA vaccines can be expressed by a diversity of transfected cell types but how cell-type-specific expression influences immunity is poorly understood. To investigate this, we incorporated synthetic microRNA target sites (miRT) into lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-delivered mRNA vaccines to silence mRNA expression specifically in professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPCs), hepatocytes or myocytes. We found that mRNA expression in pAPCs was dispensable for priming antigen-specific T cells, whereas mRNA expression in myocytes induced similar or stronger immune responses, including for SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that antigen cross-presentation or cross-dressing may be more impactful than direct mRNA expression in pAPCs. In contrast, mRNA expression in hepatocytes suppressed the antigen-specific T cell response, partly through PD1/PDL1. In mice bearing tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-expressing lymphoma cells, miRT-mediated hepatocyte-silenced TAA mRNA vaccine enhanced immune response and reduced tumor burden. Thus, non-pAPC expression shapes immunity to mRNA-encoded protein and inclusion of miRTs can boost or blunt mRNA-LNP immunogenicity.

Author Info: (1) Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

Author Info: (1) Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. (2) Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. (3) Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. (4) Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. (5) Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. (6) Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. (7) Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. (8) Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. (9) Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. (10) Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. (11) Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. (12) Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. (13) Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. (14) Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. (15) Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. (16) Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. brian.brown@mssm.edu. Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. brian.brown@mssm.edu. Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. brian.brown@mssm.edu. Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. brian.brown@mssm.edu.

Dendritic cell redundancy enables priming of anti-tumor CD4+ T cells in pancreatic cancer

Spotlight 

Kureshi et al. showed that localized STING agonist combined with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 induced durable tumor remission and memory in poorly immunogenic subcutaneous and orthotopic PDAC models, including β2m-/- tumors. Triple therapy increased activated cDC2-to-cDC1 ratios and cDC2 accumulation. Tumor control required tumor antigen-loaded cDC2 priming of IFNγ-producing Th1 CD4+ T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes, but was independent of cDC1s, CD8+ T cells, and tumor cell MHC-I. In multiagent chemotherapy-treated PDAC patients, CD4+ T cells and cDC2s persisted, even after treatment.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

Kureshi et al. showed that localized STING agonist combined with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 induced durable tumor remission and memory in poorly immunogenic subcutaneous and orthotopic PDAC models, including β2m-/- tumors. Triple therapy increased activated cDC2-to-cDC1 ratios and cDC2 accumulation. Tumor control required tumor antigen-loaded cDC2 priming of IFNγ-producing Th1 CD4+ T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes, but was independent of cDC1s, CD8+ T cells, and tumor cell MHC-I. In multiagent chemotherapy-treated PDAC patients, CD4+ T cells and cDC2s persisted, even after treatment.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

ABSTRACT: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is resistant to current immunotherapies and lacks effective anti-tumor CD8(+) T cells, which is potentially due to insufficient cross-presentation by cDC1s. Here, we combine a STING agonist with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 to achieve durable remissions and immunologic memory in multiple mouse models of poorly immunogenic PDAC. We find that tumor control does not depend on CD8(+) T cells or tumor cell MHC expression but instead requires IFN_-producing CD4(+) T cells (Th1s) that are primed by dendritic cells in lymph nodes. The triple combination immunotherapy induces an accumulation of activated cDC2s carrying tumor antigen into tumor-draining lymph nodes; cDC2s are required for orthotopic tumor clearance. Intratumoral CD4(+) T cells and cDC2s remain present in treatment-naive and chemotherapy-exposed human PDAC. In chemotherapy-exposed patients' blood, cDC2s outnumber cDC1s by 10-fold. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of the cDC2-CD4(+) T cell-IFN_ axis could be efficacious in PDAC.

Author Info: (1) Harvard Medical School Program in Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farbe

Author Info: (1) Harvard Medical School Program in Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Boston, MA, USA. (2) Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School Program in Virology, Boston, MA, USA. (3) Harvard Medical School Program in Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Boston, MA, USA. (4) Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. (5) Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Boston, MA, USA. (6) Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. (7) Brookline High School, Brookline, MA, USA. (8) Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. (9) Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. (10) Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. (11) Harvard Medical School Program in Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Boston, MA, USA. (12) Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Boston, MA, USA. (13) Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Boston, MA, USA. (14) Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. (15) Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. (16) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Surgical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. (17) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. (18) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Pathology, Boston, MA, USA. (19) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. (20) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Radiation Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. (21) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Surgical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. (22) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Surgical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. (23) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Oncologic Pathology, Boston, MA, USA. (24) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. (25) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. (26) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. (27) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Radiation Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. (28) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Surgical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. (29) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. (30) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Pathology, Boston, MA, USA. (31) Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA. (32) Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA. (33) Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA. (34) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA. (35) Harvard Medical School Program in Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Boston, MA, USA. (36) Harvard Medical School Program in Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: stephanie_dougan@dfci.harvard.edu.

Cancer stem cells orchestrate immune evasion through extracellular vesicle-mediated non-canonical signaling pathways Spotlight 

Fan et al. found that in patient specimens of untreated TNBC, cancer stem cells produced extracellular vesicles enriched for TSPAN8 (EVs-TSPAN8), which interacted with CD103 on T cells via a paracrine signaling mechanism – independent of canonical EV internalization – inducing activation of the LKB1-AMPK-FOXP3 axis. This resulted in enhanced Foxp3 expression, which further increased CD103 expression, resulting in a positive feedback loop that enhanced the formation of pro-tumor CD103+Foxp3+ Tregs. In mouse models of TNBC, neutralizing EVs-TSPAN8+ synergized with anti-PD-1, reducing tumor growth and increasing survival.

Contributed by Lauren Hitchings

Fan et al. found that in patient specimens of untreated TNBC, cancer stem cells produced extracellular vesicles enriched for TSPAN8 (EVs-TSPAN8), which interacted with CD103 on T cells via a paracrine signaling mechanism – independent of canonical EV internalization – inducing activation of the LKB1-AMPK-FOXP3 axis. This resulted in enhanced Foxp3 expression, which further increased CD103 expression, resulting in a positive feedback loop that enhanced the formation of pro-tumor CD103+Foxp3+ Tregs. In mouse models of TNBC, neutralizing EVs-TSPAN8+ synergized with anti-PD-1, reducing tumor growth and increasing survival.

Contributed by Lauren Hitchings

ABSTRACT: Tumor cells evade anti-tumor immunity by reprogramming tumor microenvironment (TME). Using multiplexed single-cell proteomics to analyze 50 TME-associated proteins across treatment-naive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) specimens, we discovered that cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive differentiation and expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) via extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated paracrine signaling. TSPAN8, an integral membrane protein on CSC-derived EVs, interacts with CD103 (integrin αEβ7) on T cells, triggering the formation of LKB1-STRAD-MO25 complex and sequential phosphorylation of LKB1 and AMPKα. This cascade enhances FOXP3 expression, which transactivates CD103, creating a positive feedback loop that drives clonal expansion of immunosuppressive CD103+FOXP3+ Tregs and their associated niche. This EV membrane topology-based mechanism operates independently of canonical EV cargo internalization. Neutralizing EVs-TSPAN8+ with a monoclonal antibody synergized with anti-PD-1 therapy in preclinical models, suggesting a potential approach targeting both CSCs and TME immunosuppression, particularly in TNBC subpopulation with high TSPAN8+ CSCs.

Author Info: (1) State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20080, China; Precision Research Cent

Author Info: (1) State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20080, China; Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Pioneer Research Institute for Molecular and Cell Therapies, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 20080, China; Breast and Thyroid Surgery Department, General Surgery Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20080, China. (2) Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. (3) Department of Breast, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai, China. (4) State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20080, China. (5) Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. (6) Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. (7) Department of Oncology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou 21500, China. (8) State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20080, China. (9) State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20080, China. (10) State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20080, China. (11) Research Unit of Immune Regulation and Immune Diseases of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China. (12) Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Science, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China. (13) State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. (14) Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, State International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. (15) Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China. (16) Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China. (17) Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China. (18) State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, CAS, Shanghai 200031, China. (19) Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China. (20) Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. (21) Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cancer Systems Regulation and Clinical Translation, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. (22) Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. (23) Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: gem23@163.com. (24) Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. Electronic address: drtaozhh@126.com. (25) Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. Electronic address: liuwenting1015@163.com. (26) Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20080, China. Electronic address: whx365@126.com.

Foxp3 drives context-dependent epigenetic programs that define regulatory T cell molecular identity and function Spotlight 

Wei et al. used Foxp3-transduced conventional T cells as a gain-of-function probe, and identified an endogenous Foxp3+ subset that acquired Treg-like transcriptional, chromatin, and suppressive features, exclusively in vivo. Endogenous Foxp3 induction in vivo required a permissive environment created by reduced AKT-mTOR signaling and Foxp3 engagement with STAT5 and NF-κB at Foxp3 regulatory elements. Foxp3 drove a stepwise chromatin remodeling program at Foxp3-induced open chromatin regions, establishing NFκB-linked core modules shared across Treg subsets, and effector-specific modules co-regulated with AP-1.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

Wei et al. used Foxp3-transduced conventional T cells as a gain-of-function probe, and identified an endogenous Foxp3+ subset that acquired Treg-like transcriptional, chromatin, and suppressive features, exclusively in vivo. Endogenous Foxp3 induction in vivo required a permissive environment created by reduced AKT-mTOR signaling and Foxp3 engagement with STAT5 and NF-κB at Foxp3 regulatory elements. Foxp3 drove a stepwise chromatin remodeling program at Foxp3-induced open chromatin regions, establishing NFκB-linked core modules shared across Treg subsets, and effector-specific modules co-regulated with AP-1.

Contributed by Shishir Pant

ABSTRACT: Regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells) express the master regulator, Foxp3, and display distinctive epigenetic landscapes ensuring T(reg) cell-specific gene expression and stable suppressive functions, yet Foxp3's contribution to this epigenetic identity remains unclear. Leveraging Foxp3-transduced conventional T cells as a gain-of-function probe in mice, we identified a previously unrecognized subset that acquires endogenous Foxp3 expression, T(reg) cell-like transcriptomic and chromatin features, and suppressive functions exclusively in vivo. These Foxp3-driven features were conserved in T(reg) cells but impaired in Foxp3-mutant T(reg)-like cells, demonstrating a Foxp3 requirement. Induction of endogenous Foxp3 expression in vivo required reduced AKT-mTOR signaling and Foxp3-dependent engagement of STAT5 and nuclear factor _B (NF-_B). Temporal chromatin profiling revealed stepwise Foxp3-driven regulatory programs, including a core program shared across T(reg) cell subsets and effector-specific programs, both associated with NF-_B activity and Foxp3 binding. Thus, Foxp3 integrates cell-intrinsic and environmental contexts to drive epigenetic programs defining T(reg) cell identities and functions, with implications for Foxp3-based therapies.

Author Info: (1) Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. (2) Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Graduat

Author Info: (1) Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. (2) Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. (3) Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan. (4) Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan. (5) Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. (6) Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. (7) Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba 292-0818, Japan. (8) Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. (9) Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. (10) Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

Safety and efficacy of intratumoural anti-CTLA4 with intravenous anti-PD1 Featured  

Tselikas and Susini et al. reported the results of the phase 1b NIVIPIT trial, in which 61 patients with untreated metastatic melanoma were treated with intravenous (i.v.) nivolumab (anti-PD-1) in combination with either i.v. or intratumoral (i.t.) ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4). Patients who received i.t. anti-CTLA-4 had antitumor responses in both injected and uninjected lesions, and had fewer grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events. The presence of Tregs and M2-like macrophages at baseline, high FcγR expression, and a decrease in activated Tregs on treatment were associated with durable clinical benefit, regardless of the anti-CTLA-4 administration route.

Tselikas and Susini et al. reported the results of the phase 1b NIVIPIT trial, in which 61 patients with untreated metastatic melanoma were treated with intravenous (i.v.) nivolumab (anti-PD-1) in combination with either i.v. or intratumoral (i.t.) ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4). Patients who received i.t. anti-CTLA-4 had antitumor responses in both injected and uninjected lesions, and had fewer grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events. The presence of Tregs and M2-like macrophages at baseline, high FcγR expression, and a decrease in activated Tregs on treatment were associated with durable clinical benefit, regardless of the anti-CTLA-4 administration route.

ABSTRACT: Intravenous administration of anti-CTLA4 with anti-PD1 provides durable tumour responses but causes severe treatment-related adverse events in patients with cancer(1). Intratumoural administration at lower doses but high local concentrations could enhance antitumour efficacy while minimizing systemic exposure and toxicity. Here we report the randomized multicentre phase 1b NIVIPIT trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02857569 ), which enrolled 61 patients with untreated metastatic melanoma, randomly assigned 2:1 to receive intravenous nivolumab (anti-PD1; 1_mg_kg(-1)) combined with either intratumoural ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4; 0.3_mg_kg(-1)) or intravenous ipilimumab (3_mg_kg(-1)). The primary end-point was met with significantly lower incidence of grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events at 6 months in the intratumoural versus intravenous arm (22.6% versus 57.1%), equivalent to anti-PD1 monotherapy. RECIST (response evaluation criteria in solid tumours) best objective response rate reached 65.7% for anti-CTLA4 injected lesions and 50% for uninjected lesions, confirming the relationship between intratumoural exposure to anti-CTLA4 and efficacy. Baseline tumour immune profiling revealed that protumoural activated regulatory T (T(reg)) cells and M2 macrophages predict durable clinical benefit, regardless of the anti-CTLA4 administration route. A decrease in activated intratumoural T(reg) cells occurred only in patients who showed durable clinical benefit, who also presented high intratumoural Fc_ receptor (Fc_R) expression. Our results provide a rationale for intratumoural anti-CTLA4 strategies in oligometastatic and early-stage cancers and indicate that high intratumoural activated T(reg) cell and Fc_R(+) M2 macrophage numbers are prerequisites for efficacy of combined anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1.

Author Info: (1) INSERM CIC 1428, BIOTHERIS, Villejuif, France. INSERM U1015, Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en ImmunothŽrapie (LRTI), Villejuif, France. Gustave Roussy, Radiologie I

Author Info: (1) INSERM CIC 1428, BIOTHERIS, Villejuif, France. INSERM U1015, Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en ImmunothŽrapie (LRTI), Villejuif, France. Gustave Roussy, Radiologie Interventionnelle, DŽpartement d'AnesthŽsie Chirurgie et Interventionnel (DACI), Villejuif, France. UniversitŽ Paris Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Villejuif, France. (2) INSERM CIC 1428, BIOTHERIS, Villejuif, France. INSERM U1015, Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en ImmunothŽrapie (LRTI), Villejuif, France. (3) Gustave Roussy, Service de Biostatistiques et d'EpidŽmiologie (SBE), UniversitŽ Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France. INSERM U1018, ONCOSTAT, Equipe LabellisŽe Ligue contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France. (4) INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. (5) Gustave Roussy, Dermatologie, DŽpartement de MŽdecine Oncologique, Villejuif, France. (6) Hospices Civils de Lyon, DŽpartement de Dermatologie, Lyon, France. (7) INSERM U1015, Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en ImmunothŽrapie (LRTI), Villejuif, France. (8) INSERM U1015, Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en ImmunothŽrapie (LRTI), Villejuif, France. (9) INSERM CIC 1428, BIOTHERIS, Villejuif, France. INSERM U1015, Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en ImmunothŽrapie (LRTI), Villejuif, France. (10) Gustave Roussy, DŽpartement d'Imagerie MŽdicale, Villejuif, France. (11) Gustave Roussy, Service de Promotion d'Etudes Cliniques, DRC, Villejuif, France. (12) INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. Gustave Roussy, Dermatologie, DŽpartement de MŽdecine Oncologique, Villejuif, France. (13) INSERM U1015, Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en ImmunothŽrapie (LRTI), Villejuif, France. (14) INSERM CIC 1428, BIOTHERIS, Villejuif, France. (15) UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie US23, BiothŽrapies Innovantes U1363, Villejuif, F-94805, France. (16) Gustave Roussy, DŽpartement de Biologie et Pathologie MŽdicale, Villejuif, France. (17) UniversitŽ Paris Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Villejuif, France. INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. Gustave Roussy, Dermatologie, DŽpartement de MŽdecine Oncologique, Villejuif, France. (18) UniversitŽ Paris Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Villejuif, France. Gustave Roussy, DŽpartement d'Innovation ThŽrapeutique et des Essais PrŽcoces, Villejuif, France. (19) UniversitŽ Paris Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Villejuif, France. INSERM U1015, Immunologie des tumeurs et immunothŽrapie contre le cancer, Villejuif, France. (20) UniversitŽ Paris Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Villejuif, France. Gustave Roussy, DŽpartement d'Innovation ThŽrapeutique et des Essais PrŽcoces, Villejuif, France. (21) UniversitŽ Paris Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Villejuif, France. Gustave Roussy, Service de Pharmacologie, DŽpartement de Biologie et Pathologie mŽdicales, Villejuif, France. (22) INSERM CIC 1428, BIOTHERIS, Villejuif, France. Gustave Roussy, Radiologie Interventionnelle, DŽpartement d'AnesthŽsie Chirurgie et Interventionnel (DACI), Villejuif, France. UniversitŽ Paris Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Villejuif, France. (23) UniversitŽ Paris Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Villejuif, France. Gustave Roussy, DŽpartement de Biologie et Pathologie MŽdicale, Villejuif, France. (24) UniversitŽ Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie US23, BiothŽrapies Innovantes U1363, Villejuif, F-94805, France. (25) INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. (26) CHU de Toulouse, Service d'Oncodermatologie, IUCT-O, Toulouse, France. INSERM UMR 1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Toulouse, France. UniversitŽ Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, DŽpartement de Dermatologie, Toulouse, France. (27) UniversitŽ Paris CitŽ, AP-HP Dermato-oncologie et CIC, Institut du Cancer APHP nord, Paris, France. INSERM U1342-Equipe 1-CNRS EMR8000, H™pital Saint Louis, Paris, France. (28) Hospices Civils de Lyon, DŽpartement de Dermatologie, Lyon, France. INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, PlasticitŽ Tumorale dans le MŽlanome, Centre de Recherche en CancŽrologie de Lyon, Centre LŽon BŽrard, Lyon, France. UniversitŽ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France. (29) UniversitŽ Paris Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Villejuif, France. INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. Gustave Roussy, Dermatologie, DŽpartement de MŽdecine Oncologique, Villejuif, France. (30) INSERM CIC 1428, BIOTHERIS, Villejuif, France. aurelien.marabelle@gustaveroussy.fr. INSERM U1015, Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en ImmunothŽrapie (LRTI), Villejuif, France. aurelien.marabelle@gustaveroussy.fr. UniversitŽ Paris Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Villejuif, France. aurelien.marabelle@gustaveroussy.fr. Gustave Roussy, DŽpartement d'Innovation ThŽrapeutique et des Essais PrŽcoces, Villejuif, France. aurelien.marabelle@gustaveroussy.fr.

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