Journal Articles

Targeting MDA5 induces immunogenic cell death and promotes anti-tumor immunity

Spotlight 

Zhitong Niu, Bing Cheng, Yue Jiang, Yingzhen Weng, Qian Xiao, Guojie Long, Chaoying Wei, Qiufeng Liu, Jinxin Chen, Xiaofeng Wen, Yufeng Chen, Panpan Wang, Yan Huang, Jing Tan, Weidong Pan, Ronghua Zhang, Qiang Yu, Xiaojian Wu & Wenyu Wang

Nature communications

Niu and Cheng et al. found that the RNA sensor MDA5 promoted tumor immune evasion by suppressing the unfolded protein response and the release of DAMPs associated with immunogenic cell death (ICD). Targeting MDA5 in murine tumors enhanced ICD as well as DC antigen uptake and cross-talk with T cells, resulting in increased T cell activation, tumor infiltration, effector functions, and memory. MDA5 depletion also primed the ASK1-JNK/P38 pathway in tumors, increasing vulnerability to TNFα and IFNγ. In patient data, MDA5 was upregulated in cancer, and high pre-treatment MDA5 predicted poor survival and resistance to ICB across multiple cancers.

Contributed by Lauren Hitchings

Zhitong Niu, Bing Cheng, Yue Jiang, Yingzhen Weng, Qian Xiao, Guojie Long, Chaoying Wei, Qiufeng Liu, Jinxin Chen, Xiaofeng Wen, Yufeng Chen, Panpan Wang, Yan Huang, Jing Tan, Weidong Pan, Ronghua Zhang, Qiang Yu, Xiaojian Wu & Wenyu Wang

Nature communications

Niu and Cheng et al. found that the RNA sensor MDA5 promoted tumor immune evasion by suppressing the unfolded protein response and the release of DAMPs associated with immunogenic cell death (ICD). Targeting MDA5 in murine tumors enhanced ICD as well as DC antigen uptake and cross-talk with T cells, resulting in increased T cell activation, tumor infiltration, effector functions, and memory. MDA5 depletion also primed the ASK1-JNK/P38 pathway in tumors, increasing vulnerability to TNFα and IFNγ. In patient data, MDA5 was upregulated in cancer, and high pre-treatment MDA5 predicted poor survival and resistance to ICB across multiple cancers.

Contributed by Lauren Hitchings

ABSTRACT: Identifying targets to enhance tumor immunity is an urgent need. Although nucleic acid sensors play critical roles in promoting tumor immune clearance, their exceptionally low mutation rate in cancers suggests potential unexplored roles in tumor progression. Here, we demonstrate that the RNA sensor melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) promotes immune evasion, and its high expression is strongly predictive of poor survival and resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy in patients. Targeting MDA5 reshapes the tumor microenvironment, strengthening immune memory responses and enhancing effector CD8⁺ T cell activity in preclinical models in female mice. Mechanistically, MDA5 deficiency triggers unfolded protein response driven immunogenic cell death through induction of damage-associated molecular patterns, leading to enhanced dendritic cell-mediated antigen engulfment and T cell activation. Additionally, MDA5 loss primes the ASK1-JNK/P38 signaling pathway, sensitizing tumor cells to TNF-α/IFN-γ, further amplifying this process. Consequently, targeting MDA5 enhances the efficacy of ICB therapy across multiple cancer types, positioning it as a promising therapeutic target.

Author Info: Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China Zhitong Niu, Bing Cheng,

Author Info: Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China Zhitong Niu, Bing Cheng, Yue Jiang, Yingzhen Weng, Qian Xiao, Chaoying Wei, Qiufeng Liu, Jinxin Chen, Xiaojian Wu & Wenyu WangGuangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China Zhitong Niu, Bing Cheng, Yue Jiang, Yingzhen Weng, Qian Xiao, Chaoying Wei, Qiufeng Liu, Jinxin Chen, Xiaojian Wu & Wenyu WangBiomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China Zhitong Niu, Bing Cheng, Yue Jiang, Yingzhen Weng, Qian Xiao, Guojie Long, Chaoying Wei, Qiufeng Liu, Jinxin Chen, Xiaofeng Wen, Yufeng Chen, Yan Huang, Weidong Pan, Xiaojian Wu & Wenyu WangDepartment of General Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China Guojie Long, Xiaofeng Wen, Yufeng Chen, Weidong Pan & Xiaojian WuThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China Panpan WangDepartment of Pathology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China Yan HuangState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China Jing TanLaboratory of Cancer Epigenome, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, 168583, Singapore Jing TanHainan Academy of Medical Science, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China Jing TanPharmacy college, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China Ronghua ZhangCancer research institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China Ronghua ZhangGenome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, 138672, Singapore Qiang YuDepartment of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore Qiang YuCancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore Qiang Yu

Citation: Nat commun (2026)

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    In vivo engineering of CAR natural killer cells for immunotherapy using ligand-directed lipid nanoparticles Spotlight 

    (1) Chen Y (2) Monkovic J (3) Mughal H (4) Chen B (5) Thadhani E (6) McMullen P (7) Self A (8) Chen Y (9) Hu Y (10) Detmer S (11) Chen M (12) Lapteva A (13) Kamat R (14) Vernon A (15) Langer R (16) Anderson DG

    Nature biotechnology

    Chen, Monkovic, and Mughal et al. used NK cell receptor-specific scFvs to generate NK cell-targeted LNPs (NtLNPs) that transfected up to 80% of circulating and tissue NK cells, with minimal off-target effects. NtLNP delivery of CAR mRNAs generated NK cells that specifically depleted B cells in healthy mice, restored AST/ALT to baseline levels in an autoimmune hepatitis model, and cleared antigen+ melanoma cells in a solid tumor model. NtLNPs targeting NKG2a boosted efficacy in solid tumor models by mitigating Qa-1b mediated immunosuppression. In vivo and ex vivo, NtLNP-generated human CAR NK cells induced regression in humanized lymphoma and T cell leukemia mouse models.

    Contributed by Paula Hochman

    (1) Chen Y (2) Monkovic J (3) Mughal H (4) Chen B (5) Thadhani E (6) McMullen P (7) Self A (8) Chen Y (9) Hu Y (10) Detmer S (11) Chen M (12) Lapteva A (13) Kamat R (14) Vernon A (15) Langer R (16) Anderson DG

    Nature biotechnology

    Chen, Monkovic, and Mughal et al. used NK cell receptor-specific scFvs to generate NK cell-targeted LNPs (NtLNPs) that transfected up to 80% of circulating and tissue NK cells, with minimal off-target effects. NtLNP delivery of CAR mRNAs generated NK cells that specifically depleted B cells in healthy mice, restored AST/ALT to baseline levels in an autoimmune hepatitis model, and cleared antigen+ melanoma cells in a solid tumor model. NtLNPs targeting NKG2a boosted efficacy in solid tumor models by mitigating Qa-1b mediated immunosuppression. In vivo and ex vivo, NtLNP-generated human CAR NK cells induced regression in humanized lymphoma and T cell leukemia mouse models.

    Contributed by Paula Hochman

    ABSTRACT: Targeted lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) offer a nonviral approach for in vivo cell engineering but efficient programming of natural killer (NK) cells remains underexplored. Here we develop NK cell-targeted LNPs (NtLNPs) using engineered biparatopic NK cell ligands to drive receptor-specific uptake and mRNA delivery. Lead NtLNPs achieve up to ~80% NK cell transfection with minimal off-target effects in mice. Systemic delivery of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) mRNA using NtLNPs generates CAR NK cells in vivo. CD19-targeted CAR NKs completely deplete circulating B cells in healthy mice and CD3-targeted CAR NKs eliminate nearly all autoreactive T cells in an autoimmune hepatitis model, highlighting a potential advantage over CAR T therapies for T cell-driven disease. In solid tumors, NtLNPs targeting the inhibitory checkpoint NKG2A enhance antitumor efficacy by relieving Qa-1(b)-mediated immunosuppression. Lastly, we optimized NtLNPs for in vivo engineering of human CAR NK cells, enabling regression of two humanized hematologic malignancy models and establishing NtLNPs as a modular immunotherapy system.

    Author Info: (1) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute

    Author Info: (1) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. (2) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. (3) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. (4) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. (5) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Harvard and MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. (6) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. (7) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. (8) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. (9) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. (10) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. (11) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. (12) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. (13) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. (14) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. (15) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Harvard and MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. (16) David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. dgander@mit.edu. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. dgander@mit.edu. Harvard and MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. dgander@mit.edu. Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. dgander@mit.edu. Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. dgander@mit.edu.

    Citation: Nat Biotechnol 2026 Oct 13 Epub10/13/2026

    Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42870042

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    Propionate promotes MHC class I antigen presentation and anti-tumor immunity Spotlight 

    (1) Li S (2) Guo D (3) Yang Q (4) Cao Y (5) Dong Y (6) Jiang X (7) Tian X (8) Nie D (9) Wu L (10) Wu Q (11) He X (12) Hu Y (13) Zhu R (14) Zhu N (15) Luo S (16) Shen Y (17) Wang Y (18) Chi Z (19) Yuan Y (20) Xu D (21) Wang W (22) Ding Y (23) Lu Z

    Cell metabolism

    Li et al. found that dietary supplementation with the short-chain fatty acid propionate could be used to stabilize and maintain expression of MHC-I in tumor cells by binding to the E3 ligase STUB1, blocking the K30 and N34 residues, and thus the direct interactions that would lead to STUB1-mediated polyubiquitination and lysosomal degradation of MHC-I. In mice, dietary propionate increased MHC-I on tumor cells, resulting in enhanced CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity and IFNγ production, which further increased tumor MHC-I. Propionate also improved the efficacy of anti-PD-1, as did the propionate-producing probiotic A. muciniphila.

    Contributed by Lauren Hitchings

    (1) Li S (2) Guo D (3) Yang Q (4) Cao Y (5) Dong Y (6) Jiang X (7) Tian X (8) Nie D (9) Wu L (10) Wu Q (11) He X (12) Hu Y (13) Zhu R (14) Zhu N (15) Luo S (16) Shen Y (17) Wang Y (18) Chi Z (19) Yuan Y (20) Xu D (21) Wang W (22) Ding Y (23) Lu Z

    Cell metabolism

    Li et al. found that dietary supplementation with the short-chain fatty acid propionate could be used to stabilize and maintain expression of MHC-I in tumor cells by binding to the E3 ligase STUB1, blocking the K30 and N34 residues, and thus the direct interactions that would lead to STUB1-mediated polyubiquitination and lysosomal degradation of MHC-I. In mice, dietary propionate increased MHC-I on tumor cells, resulting in enhanced CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity and IFNγ production, which further increased tumor MHC-I. Propionate also improved the efficacy of anti-PD-1, as did the propionate-producing probiotic A. muciniphila.

    Contributed by Lauren Hitchings

    ABSTRACT: Defective tumor antigen presentation promotes immune evasion and resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. Here, we identified the short-chain fatty acid propionate as a potent enhancer of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) antigen presentation. Propionate stabilizes MHC class I on tumor cells, promotes CD8(+) T cell infiltration and activation, and suppresses tumor growth. Mechanistically, the E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase STUB1 directly interacts with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A to mediate K168/K170 polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Propionate directly binds STUB1 through hydrogen bonds involving K30 and N34, residues that overlap with the MHC class I-binding interface. This interaction blocks STUB1-mediated MHC class I polyubiquitination, thereby stabilizing MHC class I, enhancing T cell receptor (TCR) engagement and T cell activation, and restraining tumor growth. Importantly, propionate or the propionate-producing probiotic Akkermansia muciniphila markedly enhanced anti-PD-1 efficacy. These findings uncover a non-metabolic moonlighting function of short-chain fatty acids in regulating tumor immunity and provide a rationale for leveraging dietary propionate or propionate-producing probiotics to enhance immune checkpoint therapy.

    Author Info: (1) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Frontier Medical Research on Cancer Metabolism, and Institute of Transl

    Author Info: (1) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Frontier Medical Research on Cancer Metabolism, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; The Center for Translational Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. (2) Department of Gastroenterology, Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China. Electronic address: dongguo@shsmu.edu.cn. (3) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Frontier Medical Research on Cancer Metabolism, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; The Center for Translational Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. (4) Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China. (5) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Frontier Medical Research on Cancer Metabolism, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. (6) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Frontier Medical Research on Cancer Metabolism, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; The Center for Translational Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. (7) Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. (8) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Frontier Medical Research on Cancer Metabolism, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; The Center for Translational Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. (9) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Frontier Medical Research on Cancer Metabolism, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; The Center for Translational Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. (10) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Frontier Medical Research on Cancer Metabolism, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; The Center for Translational Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. (11) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Frontier Medical Research on Cancer Metabolism, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; The Center for Translational Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. (12) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Frontier Medical Research on Cancer Metabolism, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; The Center for Translational Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. (13) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Frontier Medical Research on Cancer Metabolism, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; The Center for Translational Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. (14) Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China. (15) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Frontier Medical Research on Cancer Metabolism, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; The Center for Translational Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. (16) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Frontier Medical Research on Cancer Metabolism, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. (17) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Frontier Medical Research on Cancer Metabolism, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; The Center for Translational Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. (18) Center for Regeneration and Aging Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China. (19) Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China. (20) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Frontier Medical Research on Cancer Metabolism, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; The Center for Translational Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. (21) Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. Electronic address: wam@zju.edu.cn. (22) Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. Electronic address: dingyuan@zju.edu.cn. (23) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Frontier Medical Research on Cancer Metabolism, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; The Center for Translational Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China. Electronic address: zhiminlu@zju.edu.cn.

    Citation: Cell Metab 2026 Oct 21 Epub10/21/2026

    Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42906554

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    A reciprocally masked anti-CD47/IL-2 fusion protein promotes antitumor immunity and limits systemic toxicity Spotlight 

    (1) Léchine E (2) Cons L (3) Garnier L (4) Malinge P (5) Moine V (6) Osorio JC (7) Shang L (8) Fischer N (9) Hugues S (10) Scheiermann C (11) Ferlin W

    Cancer immunology research

    To overcome the dose-limiting toxicity associated with both CD47-targeting antibodies and IL-2, Léchine, Cons, and Garnier et al. developed a reciprocally masked antibody-cytokine fusion (aCD47/IL-2c) that only unmasks its components when cleavable linkers are broken by MMP9 in the TIME. In mouse models, aCD47/IL-2c was better tolerated than either component alone. Antitumor efficacy was dependent on both components, which together induced pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization and increased effector CD8+ T cell infiltration. Antitumor efficacy and tolerability were also observed for a human aCD47/IL-2c in a humanized mouse model.

    Contributed by Lauren Hitchings

    (1) Léchine E (2) Cons L (3) Garnier L (4) Malinge P (5) Moine V (6) Osorio JC (7) Shang L (8) Fischer N (9) Hugues S (10) Scheiermann C (11) Ferlin W

    Cancer immunology research

    To overcome the dose-limiting toxicity associated with both CD47-targeting antibodies and IL-2, Léchine, Cons, and Garnier et al. developed a reciprocally masked antibody-cytokine fusion (aCD47/IL-2c) that only unmasks its components when cleavable linkers are broken by MMP9 in the TIME. In mouse models, aCD47/IL-2c was better tolerated than either component alone. Antitumor efficacy was dependent on both components, which together induced pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization and increased effector CD8+ T cell infiltration. Antitumor efficacy and tolerability were also observed for a human aCD47/IL-2c in a humanized mouse model.

    Contributed by Lauren Hitchings

    ABSTRACT: Cancer immunotherapies have achieved meaningful clinical benefit but remain limited by systemic toxicities that restrict the use of potent immune modulators. CD47-targeting antibodies promote tumor cell phagocytosis but are hindered by hematologic toxicity, while IL-2 activates cytotoxic lymphocytes but induces broad, dose-limiting immune activation. Here, we engineered a reciprocally masked antibody-cytokine fusion (aCD47/IL-2c) designed for tumor-selective activation. In this construct, a CD47-specific antibody (aCD47) and an IL-2/IL-2 receptor complex (IL2c) sterically and functionally suppress each other via protease-cleavable linkers, preventing CD47 blockade and IL-2 receptor engagement in circulation while enabling protease-dependent unmasking within the tumor microenvironment. A human construct demonstrated masking and protease-dependent restoration of both CD47-SIRP_ blockade and IL-2 signaling, with improved systemic tolerability in human hCD47/hSIRP_ transgenic mice, supporting translational potential. A murine analog enabled mechanistic and efficacy studies in immunocompetent tumor models. The tolerability of mouse aCD47/IL-2c was improved in comparison to individual components. Antitumor activity required both CD47 blockade and IL-2 activity, and resulted in a robust antitumor efficacy, including in an immune checkpoint-resistant melanoma model. The robust antitumor efficacy was associated with inflammatory macrophage polarization and increased numbers of effector CD8_ T cells inside the tumor. Unlike conventional CD47 antibodies or IL-2 therapies, this approach enabled coordinated, tumor-localized activation of innate and adaptive immunity while limiting systemic exposure. Together, these data highlight reciprocal masking as a clinically relevant strategy to expand the therapeutic index of immune modulators constrained by systemic toxicity.

    Author Info: (1) Light Chain Bioscience (Switzerland) Plan-les-Ouates Switzerland. ROR: https://ror.org/03a17f132 (2) Light Chain Bioscience (Switzerland) Plan-les-Ouates Switzerland. ROR: http

    Author Info: (1) Light Chain Bioscience (Switzerland) Plan-les-Ouates Switzerland. ROR: https://ror.org/03a17f132 (2) Light Chain Bioscience (Switzerland) Plan-les-Ouates Switzerland. ROR: https://ror.org/03a17f132 (3) University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland. ROR: https://ror.org/01swzsf04 (4) Light Chain Bioscience (Switzerland) Plan-Les-Ouates, Geneva Switzerland. ROR: https://ror.org/03a17f132 (5) Light Chain Bioscience (Switzerland) Plan-Les-Ouates, Geneva Switzerland. ROR: https://ror.org/03a17f132 (6) Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York City, New York United States. ROR: https://ror.org/02yrq0923 (7) Light Chain Bioscience. (8) Light Chain Bioscience (Switzerland) Plan-Les-Ouates, Geneva Switzerland. ROR: https://ror.org/03a17f132 (9) Geneva Medical School Geneva Switzerland. (10) University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland. ROR: https://ror.org/01swzsf04 (11) Light Chain Bioscience (Switzerland) Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva Switzerland. ROR: https://ror.org/03a17f132

    Citation: Cancer Immunol Res 2026 Oct 5 Epub10/05/2026

    Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42832640

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    The human gut microbiome primes fever after vaccination Spotlight 

    (1) Huus KE (2) Abo H (3) Tan YH (4) Atay E (5) Rytter H (6) Keller R (7) Dauser S (8) Vu DL (9) Azad MB (10) Knight R (11) Ke A (12) Lotoski L (13) Langlois MA (14) Liu R (15) Tyakht AV (16) Youngblut N (17) Kang SM (18) Parsonnet J (19) Maier L (20) Chassaing B (21) Kremsner PG (22) Gewirtz AT (23) Esen M (24) Ley RE

    Science

    Huus et al. studied the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine on the gut microbiome–immune axis in 171 healthy volunteers. Participants with temperatures ≥ 0.8ºC above personal baseline upon vaccination demonstrated chronic low-grade intestinal inflammation, high expression of flagellin, and abundance of flagellated bacteria. In mice, the microbiome from these participants drove innate immune detection of flagellin by TLR5 and NLRC4, and vaccine-induced adverse reactions. Western diet and common food additives boosted the abundance of flagellated bacteria and microbial flagellin production in vitro and in vivo.

    Contributed by Ute Burkhardt

    (1) Huus KE (2) Abo H (3) Tan YH (4) Atay E (5) Rytter H (6) Keller R (7) Dauser S (8) Vu DL (9) Azad MB (10) Knight R (11) Ke A (12) Lotoski L (13) Langlois MA (14) Liu R (15) Tyakht AV (16) Youngblut N (17) Kang SM (18) Parsonnet J (19) Maier L (20) Chassaing B (21) Kremsner PG (22) Gewirtz AT (23) Esen M (24) Ley RE

    Science

    Huus et al. studied the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine on the gut microbiome–immune axis in 171 healthy volunteers. Participants with temperatures ≥ 0.8ºC above personal baseline upon vaccination demonstrated chronic low-grade intestinal inflammation, high expression of flagellin, and abundance of flagellated bacteria. In mice, the microbiome from these participants drove innate immune detection of flagellin by TLR5 and NLRC4, and vaccine-induced adverse reactions. Western diet and common food additives boosted the abundance of flagellated bacteria and microbial flagellin production in vitro and in vivo.

    Contributed by Ute Burkhardt

    ABSTRACT: Fever is a common adverse reaction to vaccination, contributing to vaccine hesitancy and reduced uptake. To understand variation in fever risk, we longitudinally profiled fecal microbiota, oral temperature, and serological markers in 171 healthy adults receiving Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 mRNA vaccines. Fever risk correlated with low-grade intestinal inflammation, increased abundance of flagellated Lachnospiraceae bacteria, and increased flagellin expression prevaccine. Microbiomes from fever-high donors triggered stronger inflammation in human intestinal organoids and drove flagellin-dependent vaccine reactions in gnotobiotic mice. Moreover, microbiome flagellin phenotypes and murine vaccine reactions were modifiable by diet. Consistent with this, human fever risk was associated with self-reported diet and metabolic markers. These findings identify the gut microbiome as a driver of vaccine-induced fever, suggesting that microbiome-targeting strategies could modulate immune tone and improve vaccine side effects.

    Author Info: (1) Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Biology, TŸbingen, Germany. Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI) Cluster of Excellence, TŸbingen, Germany.

    Author Info: (1) Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Biology, TŸbingen, Germany. Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI) Cluster of Excellence, TŸbingen, Germany. (2) Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA. (3) Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Biology, TŸbingen, Germany. Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI) Cluster of Excellence, TŸbingen, Germany. (4) Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Biology, TŸbingen, Germany. Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI) Cluster of Excellence, TŸbingen, Germany. (5) Microbiome-Host Interactions, Institut Pasteur, UniversitŽ Paris CitŽ, Paris, France. (6) Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Biology, TŸbingen, Germany. Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI) Cluster of Excellence, TŸbingen, Germany. (7) Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Biology, TŸbingen, Germany. Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI) Cluster of Excellence, TŸbingen, Germany. (8) Mass Spectrometry Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology TŸbingen, TŸbingen, Germany. (9) Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada. (10) Department of Pediatrics; Center for Microbiome Innovation; Department of Computer Science and Engineering; Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering; Halõcõo_lu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Jockey Club Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China. (11) Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada. (12) Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada. (13) Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, OT, Canada. (14) Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA. (15) Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Biology, TŸbingen, Germany. Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI) Cluster of Excellence, TŸbingen, Germany. (16) Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Biology, TŸbingen, Germany. Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI) Cluster of Excellence, TŸbingen, Germany. (17) Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA. (18) Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. (19) Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI) Cluster of Excellence, TŸbingen, Germany. Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of TŸbingen, TŸbingen, Germany. (20) Microbiome-Host Interactions, Institut Pasteur, UniversitŽ Paris CitŽ, Paris, France. (21) Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI) Cluster of Excellence, TŸbingen, Germany. Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of TŸbingen, TŸbingen, Germany. Centre de Recherches Medicales de LambarŽnŽ, LambarŽnŽ, Gabon. German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site TŸbingen, TŸbingen, Germany. (22) Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA. (23) Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI) Cluster of Excellence, TŸbingen, Germany. Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Centre de Recherches Medicales de LambarŽnŽ, LambarŽnŽ, Gabon. (24) Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Biology, TŸbingen, Germany. Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI) Cluster of Excellence, TŸbingen, Germany.

    Citation: Science 2026 Oct 8 394:eaea7733 Epub10/08/2026

    Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42848888

    Tags:

    Spatially tuned localization of interleukins and OX40 agonists enhances synergistic anti-tumor immunity Spotlight 

    (1) Klich JH (2) Nejatfard A (3) Meany EL (4) Ou BS (5) Krawczyk ZD (6) Baillet J (7) Appel EA

    Cell reports. Medicine

    Klich et al. showed that hydrogel delivery of IL-2 and IL-12 intratumorally (IT) and CpG-adjuvanted agonistic anti-OX40 (agOX40) peritumorally (PT) increased cargo retention relative to IV delivery. Hydrogel cytokine delivery IT boosted efficacy in mouse models compared to PT or soluble IT delivery, and skewed the TIME toward antitumor Tcm cells and activated DCs. Relative to IT, PT delivery of agOX40 extended tumor control, increased Tem cells, and reduced immunosuppressive Tregs in the TdLNs and TIME. Hydrogel delivery of cytokines IT + agOX40 PT improved survival and cleared distal tumors, while IT/IT or PT/PT delivery was less active. Adding anti-PD-1 boosted long-term survival.

    Contributed by Paula Hochman

    (1) Klich JH (2) Nejatfard A (3) Meany EL (4) Ou BS (5) Krawczyk ZD (6) Baillet J (7) Appel EA

    Cell reports. Medicine

    Klich et al. showed that hydrogel delivery of IL-2 and IL-12 intratumorally (IT) and CpG-adjuvanted agonistic anti-OX40 (agOX40) peritumorally (PT) increased cargo retention relative to IV delivery. Hydrogel cytokine delivery IT boosted efficacy in mouse models compared to PT or soluble IT delivery, and skewed the TIME toward antitumor Tcm cells and activated DCs. Relative to IT, PT delivery of agOX40 extended tumor control, increased Tem cells, and reduced immunosuppressive Tregs in the TdLNs and TIME. Hydrogel delivery of cytokines IT + agOX40 PT improved survival and cleared distal tumors, while IT/IT or PT/PT delivery was less active. Adding anti-PD-1 boosted long-term survival.

    Contributed by Paula Hochman

    ABSTRACT: While advances in immunotherapy have revolutionized care for cancer patients, most approaches still fail to mount a robust anti-cancer effect. To address this challenge, the field has turned to combination immunotherapies, but systemic administration of potent combination therapies has resulted in severe immune-related adverse effects. Here, we use an injectable polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogel to rationally localize immunotherapeutic cytokines (IL-12 and IL-2) intratumorally and antibodies (OX40a) peritumorally. We hypothesize that selectively altering the biodistribution of these cargo enables tolerable and synergistic anti-cancer combinations. Using in vivo imaging, we demonstrate that administration sites are critical for redistributing cargo to either the tumor or tumor-draining lymph node (tdLN). Further, we demonstrate that this approach synergistically improved treatment efficacy in the B16F10 and MC38 tumor models and alters cellular phenotypes, resulting in significant tumor clearance in both single and double tumor models.

    Author Info: (1) Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. (2) Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. (3) Department of Bioe

    Author Info: (1) Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. (2) Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. (3) Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. (4) Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. (5) Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. (6) Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. (7) Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM- H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wood Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Endocrinology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: eappel@stanford.edu.

    Citation: Cell Rep Med 2026 Oct 9 103109 Epub10/09/2026

    Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42854695

    Tags:

    Orally delivered metabolically reprogrammed probiotics for cascade-activated antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer Spotlight 

    (1) Wang L (2) Chen Y (3) Shang Y (4) Liu J (5) Zhao M (6) Jin L (7) Shi Y (8) Zhang R (9) Chen Z (10) Yin T (11) Qiao C (12) Wang Z

    Cell reports. Medicine

    Wang and Chen et al. designed an oral, metabolically engineered bacterial platform (EHC) based on the probiotic E. coli strain Nissle 1917 that selectively targeted CRC cells and induced ferroptosis via depletion of intratumoral cysteine and glutathione, thus enhancing immunogenic cell death and remodeling the immunosuppressive TIME. In vivo, oral EHC suppressed orthotopic CRC tumor growth, inhibited metastatic progression, and synergized with anti-PD-1. Immune profiling revealed robust systemic and gut mucosal activation, increased numbers of mature dendritic cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and pro-inflammatory macrophages.

    Contributed by Katherine Turner

    (1) Wang L (2) Chen Y (3) Shang Y (4) Liu J (5) Zhao M (6) Jin L (7) Shi Y (8) Zhang R (9) Chen Z (10) Yin T (11) Qiao C (12) Wang Z

    Cell reports. Medicine

    Wang and Chen et al. designed an oral, metabolically engineered bacterial platform (EHC) based on the probiotic E. coli strain Nissle 1917 that selectively targeted CRC cells and induced ferroptosis via depletion of intratumoral cysteine and glutathione, thus enhancing immunogenic cell death and remodeling the immunosuppressive TIME. In vivo, oral EHC suppressed orthotopic CRC tumor growth, inhibited metastatic progression, and synergized with anti-PD-1. Immune profiling revealed robust systemic and gut mucosal activation, increased numbers of mature dendritic cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and pro-inflammatory macrophages.

    Contributed by Katherine Turner

    ABSTRACT: Immunotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) remains limited due to the inherently low tumor immunogenicity and the profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, capitalizing on the metabolic traits and anatomical accessibility of CRC, we propose a broadly applicable oral strategy based on metabolically engineered bacteria (EcN-HlpA-CGL [EHC]) for CRC immunotherapy. Mechanistically, cystathionine γ-lyase expressed by EHC disrupts redox homeostasis, triggering ferroptosis in CRC cells and thereby enhancing tumor immunogenicity. Concurrently, the intrinsic adjuvant activity of the bacteria amplifies the cancer-immunity cycle driven by immunogenic cell death and remodels the immunosuppressive TME. In vivo studies demonstrate that this orally delivered engineered bacterial platform not only suppresses the growth of orthotopic CRC tumors but also inhibits metastatic progression, indicating the induction of a potent systemic immune response. Immune profiling confirms robust systemic and gut mucosal immune activation following oral administration. Collectively, this oral metabolically engineered bacterial platform is precisely tailored to the features of CRC and offers a safe and effective immunotherapeutic strategy for this malignancy.

    Author Info: (1) Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, P.R. China. (2) Engineer

    Author Info: (1) Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, P.R. China. (2) Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, P.R. China. Electronic address: chenyang@xidian.edu.cn. (3) Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, P.R. China. (4) Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, P.R. China. (5) Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, P.R. China. (6) Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, P.R. China. (7) Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, P.R. China. (8) Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, P.R. China. (9) Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, P.R. China. Electronic address: chenzhuang@xidian.edu.cn. (10) Research Center of Nano Technology and Application Engineering, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China. Electronic address: wsyt132@163.com. (11) Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, P.R. China. Electronic address: qiaochaoqiang@xidian.edu.cn. (12) Engineering Research Center of Molecular & Neuroimaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, P.R. China. Electronic address: wangzl@xidian.edu.cn.

    Citation: Cell Rep Med 2026 Oct 12 103111 Epub10/12/2026

    Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42863469

    Tags:

    NKG2D overexpression potentiates CAR-T cells through costimulation by tumor NKG2D ligands Spotlight 

    (1) Li J (2) Han L (3) Zhu Q (4) Liu N (5) Ma H (6) Wu Z (7) Wang Y (8) Lin X (9) Wei J (10) Han W

    Cell reports. Medicine

    Li, Han, and Zhu et al. observed that T cell activation increased NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL) expression, enabling T cell depletion by NK cells. Overexpressing (OE) full-length NKG2D in CAR T cells led to its colocalization with NKG2DL on the cell surface, reducing NKG2DL detection (by cis masking) and NK killing. NKG2D-OE also improved CAR T cell cytotoxicity by binding NKG2DL on tumor cells (in trans) and increasing CAR-T activation, memory phenotype, CAR-proximal signaling, and proliferative capacity, without affecting exhaustion. NKG2D-OE improved CAR-T efficacy in heme and solid tumor models, and boosted tumor infiltration.

    Contributed by Alex Najibi

    (1) Li J (2) Han L (3) Zhu Q (4) Liu N (5) Ma H (6) Wu Z (7) Wang Y (8) Lin X (9) Wei J (10) Han W

    Cell reports. Medicine

    Li, Han, and Zhu et al. observed that T cell activation increased NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL) expression, enabling T cell depletion by NK cells. Overexpressing (OE) full-length NKG2D in CAR T cells led to its colocalization with NKG2DL on the cell surface, reducing NKG2DL detection (by cis masking) and NK killing. NKG2D-OE also improved CAR T cell cytotoxicity by binding NKG2DL on tumor cells (in trans) and increasing CAR-T activation, memory phenotype, CAR-proximal signaling, and proliferative capacity, without affecting exhaustion. NKG2D-OE improved CAR-T efficacy in heme and solid tumor models, and boosted tumor infiltration.

    Contributed by Alex Najibi

    ABSTRACT: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has achieved remarkable success in hematologic malignancies, but durable efficacy remains limited by insufficient CAR-T cell persistence. Here, we show that activated CAR-T cells upregulate multiple NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs), increasing their susceptibility to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated CAR-T cell cytotoxicity. To address this vulnerability, we engineer CAR-T cells to overexpress full-length NKG2D (CAR-NG). NKG2D overexpression reduces the surface accessibility of endogenous NKG2DLs without decreasing their total protein abundance. In parallel, engagement of tumor-expressed NKG2DLs in trans provides additional costimulatory signals, enhancing CAR-T cell activation and proliferation while attenuating exhaustion-associated phenotypes. In hematologic and solid tumor models, CAR-NG cells exhibit reduced susceptibility to NK-cell-mediated cytotoxicity, improved tumor control, increased in vivo expansion, deeper tumor infiltration, and no evident additional toxicity compared with conventional CAR-T cells. These findings identify NKG2D overexpression as an engineering strategy that enhances CAR-T antitumor activity primarily through tumor NKG2DL-dependent trans costimulation.

    Author Info: (1) Department of Biotherapy, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. (2) Department of Biotherapy, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Ho

    Author Info: (1) Department of Biotherapy, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. (2) Department of Biotherapy, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. (3) Department of Biotherapy, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. (4) Department of Biotherapy, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. (5) Department of Biotherapy, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. (6) Department of Biotherapy, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. (7) Department of Biotherapy, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. (8) Beijing Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China. Electronic address: linxin307@tsinghua.edu.cn. (9) Beijing Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China. Electronic address: woshiwjs@hotmail.com. (10) Department of Biotherapy, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Electronic address: hanwdrsw@163.com.

    Citation: Cell Rep Med 2026 Oct 16 103116 Epub10/16/2026

    Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42887502

    Tags:

    In situ reprogramming of glioma stem cells into dendritic cell-like cells for glioblastoma immunotherapy

    Spotlight 

    Chunwei Tang (1,4), Weiyi Sun (1,4), Zhenmei Yang (1,4), Xiaotian Zhao (1), Jian Gao (1), Kun Han (1), Zichao Yao (1), Xianghui Dong (1), Miaoyan Liu (1), Jing Zhang (1), Zhaoyu Chen (2), Xiao Yue (1), Zhipeng Fu (1), Yan Wang (1), Maosen Han (1), Ying Liu (1), Jinxin Gao (1), Yulin Zhang (3), Xinyi Jiang (1), Chen Chen (1), Xin Wen (1), Kun Zhao (1) & Jingyi Han (1).

    Nature communications

    Tang, Sun, Yang, et al. reprogrammed glioma stem cells (GSCs) into cDC1-like cells in situ by administering a hydrogel to the post-op tumor cavity for slow and local delivery of CD133-targeting LNPs carrying plasmids encoding PIB (PU.1, IRF8, BATF3) and costimulatory TNFSF9. In vivo, GSCs were preferentially targeted and acquired a cDC1-like phenotype with increased antigen presentation, costimulatory signaling, and proinflammatory cytokine secretion, supporting enhanced antigen-specific effector and memory T cell responses that cleared tumor cells, improved survival and neurological outcomes, and protected against relapse and rechallenge.

    Contributed by Lauren Hitchings

    Chunwei Tang (1,4), Weiyi Sun (1,4), Zhenmei Yang (1,4), Xiaotian Zhao (1), Jian Gao (1), Kun Han (1), Zichao Yao (1), Xianghui Dong (1), Miaoyan Liu (1), Jing Zhang (1), Zhaoyu Chen (2), Xiao Yue (1), Zhipeng Fu (1), Yan Wang (1), Maosen Han (1), Ying Liu (1), Jinxin Gao (1), Yulin Zhang (3), Xinyi Jiang (1), Chen Chen (1), Xin Wen (1), Kun Zhao (1) & Jingyi Han (1).

    Nature communications

    Tang, Sun, Yang, et al. reprogrammed glioma stem cells (GSCs) into cDC1-like cells in situ by administering a hydrogel to the post-op tumor cavity for slow and local delivery of CD133-targeting LNPs carrying plasmids encoding PIB (PU.1, IRF8, BATF3) and costimulatory TNFSF9. In vivo, GSCs were preferentially targeted and acquired a cDC1-like phenotype with increased antigen presentation, costimulatory signaling, and proinflammatory cytokine secretion, supporting enhanced antigen-specific effector and memory T cell responses that cleared tumor cells, improved survival and neurological outcomes, and protected against relapse and rechallenge.

    Contributed by Lauren Hitchings

    ABSTRACT: Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape for many cancers, but fails to improve the outcomes of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), in which low tumor antigen presentation restricts the recognition and eradication of cancerous cells by immunocytes. We here report an approach to in situ reprogramming hypoimmunogenic glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) into type 1 conventional dendritic cell (cDC1)-like cells for presenting endogenous tumor antigens and priming sustained tumoricidal T-cell responses. Specifically, our cavity-injectable nucleobase-derived lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-hydrogel superstructure efficiently delivers transcription factors (PU.1, IRF8, BATF3) and the costimulatory molecule (TNFSF9) into GSCs to induce cDC1-like reprogramming. These cDC1-like cells potentiate GBM immunogenicity, elicit robust adaptive immunity and long-term antitumor memory, thereby inhibiting tumor growth and preventing postoperative GBM relapse in mice. Collectively, this work establishes in situ tumor cell reprogramming into licensed cDC1-like cells as a therapeutic paradigm for converting immunologically “cold” tumors into a self-vaccinating immune niche with broad translational potential for hypoimmunogenic malignancy treatment.

    Author Info: (1) Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Key Laboratory of Targeted Drug Delivery and Advanced Pharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory fo

    Author Info: (1) Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Key Laboratory of Targeted Drug Delivery and Advanced Pharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.(2) Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China. (3) Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China. (4)These authors contributed equally: Chunwei Tang, Weiyi Sun, Zhenmei Yang. e-mail: xinyijiang@sdu.edu.cn; chenchen27@sdu.edu.cn; wxzbc@mail.sdu.edu.cn; kzhao2013@sdu.edu.cn; jyhantw@email.sdu.edu.cn

    Citation: nat com 2026

    Tags:

      Bridging innate and adaptive immunity- A bispecific SIRPαD1-αPCSK9 fusion protein reprograms macrophages for durable tumor clearance

      Spotlight 

      (1) Xu C (2) Zhou K (3) Hu X (4) Nan Y (5) Sun Y (6) Dou Z (7) Zhou R (8) Xue W (9) Hu Q (10) Huang X (11) Hua X (12) Ju D (13) Zhang X

      Cell reports. Medicine

      Focused on improving macrophage-directed immunotherapy, Xu and Zhou et al. found that blocking CD47-SIRPα upregulated tumor-expressed, secreted PCSK9, resulting in macrophage MHC-1 degradation, impaired antigen presentation, and reduced CD8+T cell activation. To overcome this resistance, a bispecific SIRPαD1–anti-PCSK9 Ab fusion co-targeting CD47 and PCSK9 enhanced phagocytosis, preserved antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells, reprogrammed TIME macrophages to an M1 state, and achieved potent tumor control in preclinical models. The fusion protein exhibited superior tumor targeting (via SIRPα) and had a favorable safety profile.

      Contributed by Katherine Turner

      (1) Xu C (2) Zhou K (3) Hu X (4) Nan Y (5) Sun Y (6) Dou Z (7) Zhou R (8) Xue W (9) Hu Q (10) Huang X (11) Hua X (12) Ju D (13) Zhang X

      Cell reports. Medicine

      Focused on improving macrophage-directed immunotherapy, Xu and Zhou et al. found that blocking CD47-SIRPα upregulated tumor-expressed, secreted PCSK9, resulting in macrophage MHC-1 degradation, impaired antigen presentation, and reduced CD8+T cell activation. To overcome this resistance, a bispecific SIRPαD1–anti-PCSK9 Ab fusion co-targeting CD47 and PCSK9 enhanced phagocytosis, preserved antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells, reprogrammed TIME macrophages to an M1 state, and achieved potent tumor control in preclinical models. The fusion protein exhibited superior tumor targeting (via SIRPα) and had a favorable safety profile.

      Contributed by Katherine Turner

      ABSTRACT: Macrophage-directed immunotherapy, exemplified by blocking the CD47-signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) axis, can eliminate tumors by unleashing phagocytosis. However, such approaches often fail to generate durable antitumor immunity, revealing a disconnect between innate activation and effective T cell responses. Here, we identify proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) as an adaptive resistance factor induced by macrophage checkpoint blockade. Tumor-derived PCSK9 promotes lysosomal degradation of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) in macrophages, impairing antigen cross-presentation and CD8+ T cell priming-thus showing how phagocytosis-targeted therapies can paradoxically suppress adaptive immunity. To overcome this, we engineer bispecific fusion proteins co-targeting the CD47-SIRPα checkpoint and the PCSK9-MHC-I axis, among which SIRPαD1-αPCSK9 is optimal. Dual targeting synergistically enhances phagocytosis, preserves antigen cross-presentation, and reprograms tumor microenvironment toward an immunostimulatory state. Consequently, SIRPαD1-αPCSK9 activates innate and adaptive antitumor immunity, achieving potent tumor control with improved safety. These findings uncover a resistance mechanism to macrophage-centered cancer immunotherapy and establish a dual-targeting strategy bridging phagocytosis and T cell activation.

      Author Info: (1) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Quzhou Fudan Institute, 108 Minjiang Avenue,

      Author Info: (1) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Quzhou Fudan Institute, 108 Minjiang Avenue, Kecheng District Quzhou, Zhejiang, China. (2) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Quzhou Fudan Institute, 108 Minjiang Avenue, Kecheng District Quzhou, Zhejiang, China. (3) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. (4) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. (5) Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, China. (6) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. (7) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. (8) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. (9) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. (10) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. (11) Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: huax@pennmedicine.upenn.edu. (12) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Quzhou Fudan Institute, 108 Minjiang Avenue, Kecheng District Quzhou, Zhejiang, China. Electronic address: dianwenju@fudan.edu.cn. (13) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Quzhou Fudan Institute, 108 Minjiang Avenue, Kecheng District Quzhou, Zhejiang, China. Electronic address: xuyaozhang@fudan.edu.cn.

      Citation: Cell Rep Med 2026 Oct 5 103087 Epub10/05/2026

      Link to PUBMED: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42833217

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